Life History of the Cactus Wren. Part I: Winter and Pre-Nesting Behavior
Life History of the Cactus Wren. Part I: Winter and Pre-Nesting Behavior
复制标题
仙人掌鹪鹩的生活史。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1957
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Anne Anderson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. H. Anderson;Anne Anderson
对仙人掌鹪鹩（Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus）的生活史研究开始时，是为了确定我们家附近的一小群鹪鹩的实际行为，这些鹪鹩位于亚利桑那州图森市东北边缘的里利托溪附近。为了核实我们在当地的发现，我们要在其他地方进行一些补充观察，但由于第二次世界大战的旅行限制，这在某种程度上受到了干扰。然而，战争结束后，从美国林务局获得了在图森以南30英里的圣丽塔实验靶场工作的许可。这使得在更大范围内研究人口问题成为可能。除了野外工作外，还查阅了所有重要的鸟类学文献，以了解其他工作者对该物种的看法和数据。我们的实地记录，完全基于对现存鸟类的观察，涵盖了大约20年的时间。未采集标本；我们尽量不去打扰鸟儿。起初，研究进展缓慢，因为很难研究一个外貌相同的物种。后来，从1939年到1949年，在持续对成虫和雏鸟进行颜色划分时，获得了更可靠的信息。由于调查完全是在我们的业余时间进行的，在早上、晚上和周末，有许多延迟的中断和离题。因此有许多不完整的记录。尽管如此，我们认为我们已经收集了足够的数据来揭示仙人掌鹪鹩的行为模式的相当清晰的画面。应该强调的是，我们当地的居民生活在郊区环境中，经常受到人类活动的骚扰和干扰，可能没有真正的代表性。生活在更开阔、更自然的沙漠环境中可能会有些不同。在某些方面，这可能更难；掠食者数量更多，食物供应可能比人类居住地附近波动更大。然而，在主要要点上，我们发现沙漠地区的活动模式与我们后院的活动模式是一样的。沃尔特·p·泰勒（Walter P. Taylor）提出了这个令人着迷的问题。我们希望对w.h. Behle, Herbert Friedmann， L. M. Huey, Seth Low， M. M. Nice和A. L. Rand在查找书目参考，发行记录和筑巢区域方面的帮助表示感谢；奥尔登·h·米勒和弗兰克·a·皮特尔卡在准备手稿方面的建议；J. T. Marshall, Jr.和A. R. Phillips提供了嵌套数据；亚利桑那大学植物系的j·j·索恩伯、l·本森和小c·t·梅森在鉴别植物标本方面表现出色；以及亚利桑那大学大气物理研究所的j·e·麦克唐纳在获取气候报告方面的帮助。我们非常感谢Raymond Price， 1953年，他作为西南森林和牧场实验站的主任，允许我们在圣丽塔试验场工作；我们还要感谢h·g·雷诺兹和s·c·马丁，他们在随后的几年里给予了我们这样的礼让，并向我们提供了他们关于这个范围的宝贵资料。
This life history study of the Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) began as an endeavor to determine the actual behavior of a small population of wrens in the vicinity of our home near Rillito Creek, at the northeast edge of Tucson, Arizona. A few supplementary observations were to be made in other places for the purpose of checking our local findings, but travel restrictions of World War II interfered somewhat. After the war, however, permission was obtained from the United States Forest Service to work on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, 30 miles south of Tucson. This made possible the study of population problems in a larger area. In addition to the field work, all the important published references in the ornithological literature were examined to obtain the views and data of other workers on this species. Our field notes, based entirely on observations of living birds, cover a period of about twenty years. No specimens were collected; we tried to disturb the birds as little as possible. Progress was slow at first because of the difficulty of working with a species in which the sexes are identical in appearance. Later, from 1939 to 1949, when color banding of adults and nestlings was consistently practiced, information of more reliability was obtained. Since the investigation was conducted entirely in our spare time, on mornings, evenings, and week-ends, there were many delaying interruptions and digressions. There are as a consequence many incomplete records. Nevertheless, we feel we have gathered enough data to reveal a fairly clear picture of the behavior patterns of the Cactus Wren. It should be emphasized that our local population, living in a suburban environment and constantly harassed and disturbed by human activities, may not have been truly representative. Life in more open, natural, desert surroundings may be somewhat different. In some respects it is perhaps harder; predators are more numerous, and food supply may fluctuate to a greater extent than in the vicinity of human establishments. In the main essentials, however, we found that the pattern of activity was the same on the desert range as that in our back lot. To Walter P. Taylor should go the credit for suggesting this fascinating problem. We wish to express our thanks to W. H. Behle, Herbert Friedmann, L. M. Huey, Seth Low, M. M. Nice, and A. L. Rand for aid in searching out bibliographic references, distribution records, and nesting areas; to Alden H. Miller and Frank A. Pitelka for advice on preparation of manuscript; to J. T. Marshall, Jr., and A. R. Phillips for nesting data; to J. J. Thornber, L. Benson, and C. T. Mason, Jr., of the University of Arizona Department of Botany for many courtesies in identifying plant specimens; and to J. E. MacDonald of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Arizona for help in securing climatological reports. We are deeply grateful to Raymond Price, who, as director of the Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station in 1953, granted us permission to work on the Santa Rita Experimental Range; we are also indebted to H. G. Reynolds and S. C. Martin, who extended this courtesy in succeeding years and made accessible to us their valuable data on the range.