Damage to the human cerebellum from prenatal alcohol exposure: The anatomy of a simple biometrical explanation
Damage to the human cerebellum from prenatal alcohol exposure: The anatomy of a simple biometrical explanation
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DOI：
10.1002/ar.b.20114
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发表时间：
2006-09-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sampson, Paul D.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Bookstein, Fred L.;Streissguth, Ann P.;Sampson, Paul D.
自1973年以来，人们已经清楚地认识到，将正常的人类胎儿暴露于高水平的酒精会以各种各样的方式损害相当数量的暴露大脑，这些方式现在统称为胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）。患有这些疾病的大脑的图像和测量值在数量上与正常人不同，小脑是通常注意到差异的结构之一。本文将这些技术扩展到一个简单，实用，启发性的检测规则，胎儿酒精损伤的青少年和成人已知已严重暴露。这些数据来自180个临床MR脑图像（一半青少年，一半成人;一半男性，一半女性;胎儿酒精综合征，胎儿酒精影响和未暴露各三分之一）。180个小脑由328个半界标三角形表示，覆盖了小脑表面的大部分。统计分析利用了现在传统的三维Procrustes分析方法，沿着最近的扩展，明确纳入大小信息。如果我们进一步降低数据复杂性，从上方沿着导水管轴观察小脑轮廓时，沿着沿着只有23个点，分析就会变得更加精确。现在，一个单一的多变量综合评分，与大小非常密切相关，支持区分（诊断与未暴露），准确率约为75%。大约四分之一的FASD样本与未暴露者的中心范围重叠，其他四分之三明显显示小脑损伤。这一发现，相当接近的基本发现小脑发育不全的动物实验中，承担胎儿酒精流行病学的影响，几何形态测量学，并从临床脑成像的有用的数据结构的几何复杂性。
Since 1973, it has become clear that exposure of otherwise normal human fetuses to high levels of alcohol damages a substantial number of the exposed brains in a wide variety of ways nowadays referred to collectively as the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Averages of images and measurements of brains with these disorders are quantitatively different from normal, and the cerebellum is one of the structures at which differences are typically noted. The present article extends these techniques to a simple, practical, and enlightening detection rule for fetal alcohol damage in adolescents and adults known to have been heavily exposed. The data arise from 180 clinical MR brain images (half of adolescents, half of adults; half male, half female; one-third each fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal alcohol effects, and unexposed). The 180 cerebellums were represented by 328-semilandmark triangulations covering most of the cerebellar surface. Statistical analysis exploited the now-conventional methods of Procrustes analysis in three dimensions, along with a recent extension to incorporate size information explicitly. If we reduce the data complexity even further, to just 23 points along the silhouette of the cerebellum as viewed from above along the aqueductal axis, the analysis becomes more precise. Now a single multivariate summary score, very strongly correlated with size, supports a discrimination (diagnosed vs. unexposed) with about 75% accuracy. About one-quarter of our FASD sample overlaps with the central range of the unexposed in the distribution of this size-based score, with the other three-quarters distinctly showing cerebellar damage. The finding, which corresponds quite closely to the fundamental finding of cerebellar hypoplasia in animal experiments, bears implications for fetal alcohol epidemiology, for geometric morphometrics, and for the geometric complexity of useful data structures derived from clinical brain imaging.