The Evolution of Diapsid Reproductive Strategy with Inferences about Extinct Taxa.
The Evolution of Diapsid Reproductive Strategy with Inferences about Extinct Taxa.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0158496
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Varricchio DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moore JR;Varricchio DJ
双孔类有着极其广泛的繁殖策略。后代可能得不到父母的照顾，只得到一种性别的照顾，得到父母双方的照顾，或得到更复杂的照顾。年轻的可能会有所不同，从独立的，超早熟孵化的新生儿需要很多照顾之前离开巢。父母可以在少数年轻人身上投入大量资金，或者在更多的年轻人身上投入较少。在这里，我们研究了这些性状的进化跨越一个复合的复合生殖跨越现存的双孔类，包括数量有限的灭绝类群，生殖策略可以很好地约束。广义估计方程（GEE）为基础的系统发育比较方法显示的体重，父母的照顾策略和孵化的成熟度对离合器体积的双孔类的影响。尽管样本量很大，但一夫多妻制生殖的影响并不重要。将这些模型的结果应用于恐龙，支持了先前基于简单分析提出的在非鸟类兽脚亚目动物中父系照顾（仅限雄性）的假设。这些数据还表明，蜥脚类恐龙并不关心它们的幼崽。父母照顾的演变发生在一系列几乎线性的转变中。父亲的照顾很少引起其他照顾战略。在孵化条件发生变化的地方，双孔类表现出几乎单向的进化趋势，即高度增加。从祖先状态过渡到社会一夫一妻制在双孔类中是常见的，其中两性都是一夫多妻制。相反，一旦进化，一夫多妻制和一妻多夫制在进化上是非常稳定的。一夫多妻制和母亲照顾是相互关联的，一妻多夫制和父亲照顾也是如此。这些护理策略与从原始数据中估计的字符转换似然性的字符估计（ACE）在最重要的节点处提供了良好的置信度。这些分析表明，basalmost双孔类没有父母照顾。鳄蜥独立地进化出母性关怀，父性关怀在蜥坐骨类中进化，在兽脚类恐龙之前，最基本的新颌可能表现出双亲关怀。总体而言，父母照顾双孔类之间的演变表现出一个持续的趋势，增加照顾后代，更复杂的照顾策略和行为随着时间的推移。恢复减少护理的情况并不常见。
Diapsids show an extremely wide range of reproductive strategies. Offspring may receive no parental care, care from only one sex, care from both parents, or care under more complex regimes. Young may vary from independent, super-precocial hatchlings to altricial neonates needing much care before leaving the nest. Parents can invest heavily in a few young, or less so in a larger number. Here we examine the evolution of these traits across a composite phylogeny spanning the extant diapsids and including the limited number of extinct taxa for which reproductive strategies can be well constrained. Generalized estimating equation(GEE)-based phylogenetic comparative methods demonstrate the influences of body mass, parental care strategy and hatchling maturity on clutch volume across the diapsids. The influence of polygamous reproduction is not important despite a large sample size. Applying the results of these models to the dinosaurs supports the hypothesis of paternal care (male only) in derived non-avian theropods, previously suggested based on simpler analyses. These data also suggest that sauropodomorphs did not care for their young. The evolution of parental-care occurs in an almost linear series of transitions. Paternal care rarely gives rise to other care strategies. Where hatchling condition changes, diapsids show an almost unidirectional tendency of evolution towards increased altriciality. Transitions to social monogamy from the ancestral state in diapsids, where both sexes are polygamous, are common. In contrast, once evolved, polygyny and polyandry are very evolutionarily stable. Polygyny and maternal care correlate, as do polyandry and paternal care. Ancestral-character estimation (ACE) of these care strategies with the character transition likelihoods estimated from the original data gives good confidence at most important nodes. These analyses suggest that the basalmost diapsids had no parental care. Crocodilians independently evolved maternal care, paternal care evolved in the saurischian line, prior to derived theropod dinosaurs, and the most basal neognaths likely exhibited biparental care. Overall, the evolution of parental care among diapsids shows a persistent trend towards increased care of offspring, and more complex care strategies and behaviors with time. Reversions to reduced care are infrequent.