Behavioral facilitation after hippocampal lesion: A review
Behavioral facilitation after hippocampal lesion: A review
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.058
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发表时间：
2017-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
R. Schwarting;S. Busse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Schwarting;S. Busse
当大脑的某些部分受到损伤时，某些功能缺陷或损伤是预期和典型的结果。无数的例子显示了这样的负面后果，这给神经学家、神经心理学家和行为神经科学家提供了日常工作，研究实验性脑损伤。与损伤引起的缺陷相比，脑损伤后功能增强或促进的例子相当罕见，通常没有得到很好的研究。在这里，哺乳动物的海马体似乎提供了一个例外，因为大量证据表明，它的损伤在某些条件下可以产生促进行为的作用。本文将讨论这些影响及其可能的机制。这将表明，海马损伤的促进作用，虽然主要是在大鼠中研究，但可以在许多哺乳动物物种中发现，也就是说，它们显然不是物种特异性的。此外，它们可以在各种损伤技术中发现，从组织消融到神经毒性损伤，从海马结构本身的损伤到支配它的纤维系统的损伤。然而，本综述的重点在于行为效应及其解释。因此，促进效应可以在几种学习范式中发现，特别是主动回避，以及某些形式的巴甫洛夫条件反射和工具条件反射。这些将根据海马功能的相关理论进行讨论，如抑制，空间认知和多重记忆系统理论，这些理论认为海马病变的促进作用可能反映了海马空间和纹状体程序认知之间干扰的丧失。以大鼠顺序反应时间任务为例，还将讨论这些损伤如何对某些行为读数产生直接和间接的影响。最后，我们将提倡在神经系统患者，特别是海马损伤患者中考虑可能的功能促进，因为这种策略可能为治疗提供新的途径。
When parts of the brain suffer from damage, certain functional deficits or impairments are the expected and typical outcome. A myriad of examples show such negative consequences, which afford the daily tasks of neurologists, neuropsychologists, and also behavioral neuroscientists working with experimental brain lesions. Compared to lesion-induced deficits, examples for functional enhancements or facilitation after brain lesions are rather rare and usually not well studied. Here, the mammalian hippocampus seems to provide an exception, since substantial evidence shows that its damage can have facilitatory behavioral effects under certain conditions. This review will address these effects and their possible mechanisms. It will show that facilitatory effects of hippocampal lesions, although mostly studied in rats, can be found in many mammalian species, that is, they are apparently not species-specific. Furthermore, they can be found with various lesion techniques, from tissue ablation, to neurotoxic damage, and from damage of hippocampal structure itself to damage of fiber systems innervating it. The major emphasis of this review, however, lies on the behavioral effects and their interpretations. Thus, facilitatory effects can be found in several learning paradigms, especially active avoidance, and some forms of Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning. These will be discussed in light of pertinent theories of hippocampal function, such as inhibition, spatial cognition, and multiple memory systems theories, which state that facilitatory effects of hippocampal lesions may reflect the loss of interference between hippocampal spatial and striatal procedural cognition. Using the example of the rat sequential reaction time task, it will also be discussed how such lesions can have direct and indirect consequences on certain behavioral readouts. A final note will advocate considering possible functional facilitation also in neurologic patients, especially those with hippocampal damage, since such a strategy might provide new avenues for therapeutic treatments.