Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol.
Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.010
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发表时间：
2009-08
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Herrera, Adriana
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gunnar, Megan R.;Talge, Nicole M.;Herrera, Adriana
应激反应系统是由下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质（HPA）轴组成的一个错综复杂的互联网络。HPA轴维持生物体对急性和长期应激源的反应能力，是应激后遗症研究的焦点。测量皮质醇（HPA轴的类固醇终产物）的唾液测定法的发展极大地促进了HPA系统的人类研究。唾液皮质醇的使用在儿童发育压力研究中很普遍。然而，为了测量儿童对特定压力源的急性皮质醇反应，研究人员必须将儿童置于产生皮质醇水平升高的压力环境中。不幸的是，许多关于儿童皮质醇应激反应的研究使用的范式未能产生皮质醇的平均升高。本文综述了婴儿、儿童和青少年的压力源范式，以指导研究人员选择有效的压力源任务。研究了许多不同类型的压力源范式，包括：公开演讲、负面情绪、关系破坏/威胁、新奇、处理和轻微疼痛范式。随着发展，明显的变化是显而易见的，在有效性相同的压力范式挑起皮质醇的升高。有几个因素似乎是至关重要的，在确定是否压力源范例是成功的，包括可用的应对资源和程度，在年龄较大的儿童，任务威胁到社会自我。这些问题的考虑是必要的，以促进更有效的应激范式在人类发育的心理内分泌研究的实施。
The stress response system is comprised of an intricate interconnected network that includes the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis. The HPA axis maintains the organism’s capacity to respond to acute and prolonged stressors and is a focus of research on the sequelae of stress. Human studies of the HPA system have been facilitated enormously by the development of salivary assays which measure cortisol, the steroid end-product of the HPA axis. The use of salivary cortisol is prevalent in child development stress research. However, in order to measure children’s acute cortisol reactivity to circumscribed stressors, researchers must put children in stressful situations which produce elevated levels of cortisol. Unfortunately, many studies on the cortisol stress response in children use paradigms that fail to produce mean elevations in cortisol. This paper reviews stressor paradigms used with infants, children, and adolescents to guide researchers in selecting effective stressor tasks. A number of different types of stressor paradigms were examined, including: public speaking, negative emotion, relationship disruption/threatening, novelty, handling, and mild pain paradigms. With development, marked changes are evident in the effectiveness of the same stressor paradigm to provoke elevations in cortisol. Several factors appear to be critical in determining whether a stressor paradigm is successful, including the availability of coping resources and the extent to which, in older children, the task threatens the social self. A consideration of these issues is needed to promote the implementation of more effective stressor paradigms in human developmental psychoendocrine research.
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影响因子：
--
作者：
Felt, BT;Mollen, E;Mendelow, D
通讯作者：
Mendelow, D
DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01818.x
发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Albers, Esther M.;Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne;de Weerth, Carolina
通讯作者：
de Weerth, Carolina
影响因子：
4
作者：
Buss, KA;Davidson, RJ;Goldsmith, HH
通讯作者：
Goldsmith, HH
DOI：
10.1196/annals.1376.031
发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
RESILIENCE IN CHILDREN
影响因子：
--
作者：
Blair, Clancy;Granger, Douglas;Kivlighan, Katie
通讯作者：
Kivlighan, Katie
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Ellis, BJ;Essex, MJ;Boyce, WT
通讯作者：
Boyce, WT