Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010
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发表时间：
2015-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Tocher, Douglas R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tocher, Douglas R.
自从通过确定虹鳟鱼对18：3 n-3和18：2n-6的定量需求首次确定鱼类中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的必要性以来，必需脂肪酸（EFA）的研究经历了不同的阶段。20年来，重点主要是确定鱼类的全民教育质量和数量要求。营养和生物化学研究表明，根据是否需要C-18 PUFA或长链（LC）-PUFA来满足要求，鱼类物种之间存在重大差异。相比之下，在过去的20年里，研究重点转移到确定“最佳”全民脂肪酸水平，以支持鱼类生长的饲料增加脂肪含量和增长的预期要高得多。这就需要更多地了解全民脂肪酸在新陈代谢和生理学中的作用和功能，以及它们如何影响鱼类健康和疾病。需要量研究更侧重于生命早期阶段，特别是海洋鱼类幼体，不仅确定了需要量，而且确定了不同必需脂肪酸之间的平衡。最后，过去10-15年的一个主要驱动因素是饲料中鱼油和鱼粉的不可避免的替代，以及这可能对饲料和养殖鱼类中n-3 LC-PUFA含量以及人类消费者产生的影响。因此，鱼饲料中的膳食n-3可以通过三个水平来定义。第一，满足全民教育需求从而预防营养不良所需的最低水平。这一水平相对较小，即使在目前对鱼油的高需求的情况下也很容易供应。第二个水平是维持现代高能量饮食中鱼类的最大生长和最佳健康所需的水平。不同PUFA和LC-PUFA之间的平衡很重要，定义它们更具挑战性，因此理想的水平和平衡仍然没有得到很好的理解，特别是与鱼类健康有关的。第三个层次目前正在推动许多研究;我们如何提供足够的n-3 LC-PUFA，以保持养殖鱼类中的这些营养素水平与野生鱼类相似或更高？这个水平远远超过了鱼本身的生物需求，为了满足它，我们需要全新的n-3 LC-PUFA来源。我们不能依赖有限的海洋资源，我们可以可持续地收获或有效地回收利用。我们需要从头生产n-3 LC-PUFA，并应考虑所有可能的选择。(C)2015 Elsevier B. V.版权所有。
In the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C-18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFAs. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels. Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain these nutrients in farmed fish at similar or higher levels than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.