The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation
The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation
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DOI：
10.1177/0003122415589170
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发表时间：
2015-08-01
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
Ruef, Martin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grigoryeva, Angelina;Ruef, Martin
住宅隔离的标准衡量标准倾向于将空间与社会接近程度等同起来。这一假设越来越受到人口学家和民族学家的批评，在历史背景下尤其成问题。在19世纪后期的美国，标准的测量方法显示出一种违反直觉的模式：由于种族不平等的长期历史，南部城市的居民隔离比被认为更种族宽容的城市地区要少。通过使用人口普查计数程序，我们开发了一种序列测量方法，捕捉到一种更微妙的后院隔离模式，在这种模式下，白人家庭主导着前街，黑人被下放到小巷里。我们对1880年人口普查中完整的家庭数据进行了分析，记录了战后美国各地的种族隔离是如何以各种形式出现的。北方城市通过种族化的社区发展了种族隔离，用居民的不平等取代了奴隶制下的地位不平等，而南方城市则接受了街头隔离，再现了奴隶制下存在的种族不平等。
Standard measures of residential segregation tend to equate spatial with social proximity. This assumption has been increasingly subject to critique among demographers and ethnographers and becomes especially problematic in historical settings. In the late nineteenth-century United States, standard measures suggest a counterintuitive pattern: southern cities, with their long history of racial inequality, had less residential segregation than urban areas considered to be more racially tolerant. By using census enumeration procedures, we develop a sequence measure that captures a more subtle backyard pattern of segregation, where white families dominated front streets and blacks were relegated to alleys. Our analysis of complete household data from the 1880 Census documents how segregation took various forms across the postbellum United States. Whereas northern cities developed segregation via racialized neighborhoods, substituting residential inequality for the status inequality of slavery, southern cities embraced street-front segregation that reproduced the racial inequality that existed under slavery.