Making Meaning of Surviving the Oklahoma City Bombing Seven Years Later.
Making Meaning of Surviving the Oklahoma City Bombing Seven Years Later.
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七年后，让俄克拉荷马城爆炸事件中幸存的意义变得有意义。
DOI：
10.1080/00332747.2022.2120309
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
North,CarolS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gajewski,AlexanderJ;Zhang,Helena;Abu-Hamad,Samir;Pollio,Whitney;McDonald,Katy;Pollio,DavidE;North,CarolS
目的：以前没有研究考察幸存者如何在七年后对灾难经历进行意义（即解释个人意义）。这项定性研究是对先前发表的对俄克拉荷马州爆炸案182名直接暴露的幸存者的分析的后续研究，该分析是在爆炸相关的精神病理学和意义创造过程六个月后进行的。目前的研究探讨了如何113名幸存者（62%的后续率）的意义，他们的轰炸experience after seven years.Method：幸存者回答了有关轰炸对他们的信仰和观点的影响的问题。他们的回答由采访者手工记录并转录。内容被编码成主题，允许多个主题的代码。结果：50%（57/113）的幸存者为男性，93%（105/113）的幸存者为白人，34%（38/113）的幸存者为大学毕业生，71%（80/113）的幸存者为已婚者。出现了八个主题，表明幸存者在个人目标和性格、人际关系和哲学思想（例如，重新审视人性和宗教）。超过三分之一的评论包括对个人伤害的负面评论，特别是心理影响。结论：近三分之二的材料是积极的语气和一致的六个月和七年之间。相对于六个月的基线访谈回答，负面内容是全新的，这表明随着时间的推移，许多幸存者在意义创造过程中对负面结果进行了更多的反思。几年后，临床医生可以鼓励幸存者将积极和消极的后果整合为意义。需要更长期的研究。
Objective: No previous studies examined how survivors made meaning (i.e. interpreted the personal significance) of a disaster experience after seven years. This qualitative study follows up on a previously published analysis of 182 directly-exposed survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing, assessed after six months had elapsed for bombing-related psychopathology and meaning-making processes. The current study examines how 113 survivors (62% follow-up rate) made meaning of their bombing experience after seven years.Method: Survivors answered questions about the effects of the bombing on their beliefs and perspectives. Their responses were hand recorded by interviewers and transcribed. Content was coded into themes, allowing codes of multiple themes. Excellent interrater reliability was obtained (Cohen’s kappa≥.8).Results: The survivors were 50% (57/113) male, 93% (105/113) Caucasian, 34% (38/113) college educated, and 71% (80/113) married with a mean (SD) age of 42.5 (10.6) (range = 19-69) years at the time of the bombing. Eight themes emerged and indicated that survivors matured in personal goals and character, interpersonal relationships, and philosophical thought (e.g., reconsideration of human nature and religion). More than one third of the comments included negative remarks about personal harm, especially psychological effects.Conclusions: Nearly two thirds of the material was positive in tone and consistent between six months and seven years. Negative content was entirely new relative to six-month baseline interview responses, suggesting many survivors incorporate greater reflection on negative outcomes in meaning-making processes over time. After several years, clinicians could encourage survivors to integrate positive and negative consequences as meaning. Longer-term studies are needed.