Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives
Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0905137106
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发表时间：
2009-11-17
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Holt, Robert D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Holt, Robert D.
G.哈钦森（Evelyn Hutchinson）早在半个多世纪就提出了生态位的概念，即一个物种的生态位可以抽象地描述为种群动态在环境空间上的映射，其轴是影响出生率和死亡率的生物和非生物因素。如果一个栖息地的条件在物种的生态位内，种群应该在没有外来移民的情况下持续存在，而如果条件在生态位之外，它将面临灭绝。物种生态位的分析对于理解物种地理范围限制的控制以及这些限制如何在我们快速变化的世界中发生变化至关重要。生态学和进化生物学的最新发展表明，现在是重新审视和完善哈钦森的生态位概念的时候了。在回顾了生态位的量化技术之后，我研究了由于物种对自身环境的影响而产生的微妙之处，个体如何体验环境的密度依赖调制，以及在确定种群持久性时分散和时间异质性的相互作用。此外，所有时间尺度上的进化记录揭示了物种生态位的变化率，从快速的生态位进化到深刻的生态位保守性。围绕哈钦森生态位的进化维度的实质性挑战包括量化进化的种内和分支水平的生态位变化的大小，并了解支配沿着任何给定谱系的潜在进化速率谱的因素。越来越多的理论为理解生态位保守主义和进化提供了概念框架，为生态位的进化理论铺平了道路。
G. Evelyn Hutchinson more than a half century ago proposed that one could characterize the ecological niche of a species as an abstract mapping of population dynamics onto an environmental space, the axes of which are abiotic and biotic factors that influence birth and death rates. If a habitat has conditions within a species' niche, a population should persist without immigration from external sources, whereas if conditions are outside the niche, it faces extinction. Analyses of species' niches are essential to understanding controls on species' geographical range limits and how these limits might shift in our rapidly changing world. Recent developments in ecology and evolutionary biology suggest it is time to revisit and refine Hutchinson's niche concept. After reviewing techniques for quantifying niches, I examine subtleties that arise because of impacts species have on their own environments, the density-dependent modulation of how individuals experience environments, and the interplay of dispersal and temporal heterogeneity in determining population persistence. Moreover, the evolutionary record over all time scales reveals a spectrum of rates of change in species' niches, from rapid niche evolution to profound niche conservatism. Substantial challenges revolving around the evolutionary dimension of the Hutchinsonian niche include quantifying the magnitude of evolved intraspecific and clade-level variation in niches and understanding the factors that govern where along the spectrum of potential evolutionary rates any given lineage lies. A growing body of theory provides elements of a conceptual framework for understanding niche conservatism and evolution, paving the way for an evolutionary theory of the niche.