Explosive flowering, nectar production, breeding systems, and pollinators of New Zealand mistletoes (Loranthaceae)
Explosive flowering, nectar production, breeding systems, and pollinators of New Zealand mistletoes (Loranthaceae)
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新西兰槲寄生（桑寄生）的爆炸性开花、花蜜生产、育种系统和传粉媒介
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发表时间：
1997
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通讯作者：
A. Robertson
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作者：
J. J. Ladley;D. Kelly;A. Robertson
根据授粉生物学，新西兰六种桑寄生可分为两类。其中四种（Alepis flavida、Peraxilla colensoi、P. tetrapetala 和 Trilepidea adamsii）是通过雌雄同体花授粉的鸟类，而另外两种（Ileostylus micranthus 和 Tupeia antarctica）是雌雄异株或亚雌雄异株且由昆虫授粉。我们提供了五个现存物种（三鳞目已灭绝）的授粉生物学数据。最近显示，两种 Peraxilla 物种和 Trilepidea 具有爆炸性的花朵。在这里，我们表明阿勒皮斯具有弱兼性爆炸花。爆炸性槲寄生花的世界分布表明，这种综合症在一个家族中已经多次独立出现，并且在大约一半的假定祖先属中都有发现。鸟类授粉物种的主要鸟类访客是鸫鸟和钟鸟。引进物种作为传粉媒介在数量上并不重要。 Alepis 和 Peraxilla 的花蜜生产时间表鼓励单次授粉，因为花开放后几乎不产生花蜜。然而，当鸟类密度较高时，Peraxilla 的花蕾可能会被迫过早开放，从而鼓励多次访问。
The six New Zealand loranthaceous mis- tletoes fall into two groups based on pollination bi- ology. Four (Alepis flavida, Peraxilla colensoi, P. tetrapetala, and Trilepidea adamsii) are bird polli- nated with hermaphrodite flowers while the other two (Ileostylus micranthus and Tupeia antarctica) are dioecious or sub-dioecious and insect pollinated. We provide data on the pollination biology of the five extant species (Trilepidea is extinct). The two Peraxilla species and Trilepidea have recently been shown to have explosive flowers. Here we show that Alepis has weakly facultatively explo- sive flowers. The world distribution of explosive mistletoe flowers suggests that the syndrome has arisen a number of times independently within the family, and is found in about half the putatively ancestral genera. The principal avian visitors to the bird-pollinated species were tui and bellbirds; introduced species are numerically unimportant as pollinators. The nectar production schedules of Alepis and Peraxilla encour- age single-visit pollination as little nectar is produced after the flowers open. However, when bird densi- ties are high, buds of Peraxilla may be forced open prematurely, encouraging multiple visits.