Mechanisms behind the Madness: How Do Zombie-Making Fungal Entomopathogens Affect Host Behavior To Increase Transmission?
Mechanisms behind the Madness: How Do Zombie-Making Fungal Entomopathogens Affect Host Behavior To Increase Transmission?
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DOI：
10.1128/mbio.01872-21
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发表时间：
2021-10-26
期刊：
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Elya C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Bekker C;Beckerson WC;Elya C
传播是所有病原体生命周期的关键步骤。因此，某些物种进化出了复杂的特征，增加了它们发现和入侵新宿主的机会。劫持昆虫行为的真菌物种就是明显的例子。许多“制造僵尸”的昆虫病原体会导致宿主表现出更高的活性，寻找高位，并表现出促进孢子传播的身体姿势，所有这些都具有特定的昼夜节律。回答真菌昆虫病原体如何操纵宿主将增加我们对真菌-昆虫相互作用、病原体-宿主共同进化和动物行为调节的分子方面的理解。鉴于传统上对所涉及的真菌的研究不足，它还可能导致新型生物活性化合物的发现。这篇小综述总结并讨论了肉座菌目和虫霉目的僵尸制造真菌的最新研究，这些研究得出了关于驱动真菌操纵昆虫行为的机制的假设。我们讨论了机械过程、宿主化学信号传导途径和拟参与建立病原体适应性行为的真菌分泌效应器。此外，我们还探讨了效应器可能的作用模式，以及宿主操纵的趋同进化如何在真菌-昆虫系统及其他系统中观察到的行为中产生许多相似之处。然而，行为操纵的假设机制尚未得到证实。因此，我们还提出了一些研究途径，以推动该领域走向更加量化的未来。
Transmission is a crucial step in all pathogen life cycles. As such, certain species have evolved complex traits that increase their chances to find and invade new hosts. Fungal species that hijack insect behaviors are evident examples. Many of these “zombie-making” entomopathogens cause their hosts to exhibit heightened activity, seek out elevated positions, and display body postures that promote spore dispersal, all with specific circadian timing. Answering how fungal entomopathogens manipulate their hosts will increase our understanding of molecular aspects underlying fungus-insect interactions, pathogen-host coevolution, and the regulation of animal behavior. It may also lead to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, given that the fungi involved have traditionally been understudied. This minireview summarizes and discusses recent work on zombie-making fungi of the orders Hypocreales and Entomophthorales that has resulted in hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that drive fungal manipulation of insect behavior. We discuss mechanical processes, host chemical signaling pathways, and fungal secreted effectors proposed to be involved in establishing pathogen-adaptive behaviors. Additionally, we touch on effectors’ possible modes of action and how the convergent evolution of host manipulation could have given rise to the many parallels in observed behaviors across fungus-insect systems and beyond. However, the hypothesized mechanisms of behavior manipulation have yet to be proven. We, therefore, also suggest avenues of research that would move the field toward a more quantitative future.