THE COTTON INDUSTRY
THE COTTON INDUSTRY
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棉花工业
DOI：
10.1111/j.1746-1049.1979.tb00622.x
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发表时间：
1979
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Takeo Izumi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Takeo Izumi
由纺纱业和织造业组成的现代日本棉业完全脱离了德川时代存在的传统生产模式。它是大规模机械化工厂转移的结果，这本身就是一种独特的资本主义生产形式。在拥有 2,000 锭纺纱厂（之前由水车转移和驱动）的管理失败后，现代工厂转移的开始以 1882 年大阪纺纱公司（10,500 锭）的成立为标志。大阪纺纱的成功引发了日本棉花行业的代表性公司，如三重纺纱（1886 年）、兼渊纺纱、内贝棉纺、仓敷纺纱等工厂转移后，成立了摄津纺纱厂、尼崎纺纱厂（1889年）、岸和田纺纱厂（1892年）、富士纺纱厂、东京燃气纺纱厂（1896年）、大阪神户纺纱厂（1900年）。因此，在日本资本主义刚刚建立的1900年，日本现代棉业已发展成为日本最大的产业，拥有79家公司、80家工厂、1,135,000锭和约3,000台动力织机。这些因转移而建立的纺纱厂依赖外国原棉（中国和印度的棉花，以及后来的美国棉花），其中许多工厂同时进行织造工序。它们被定义为“转移型”棉花产业，相对于“内生型”棉花产业。后者依靠国产原棉进行手工纺纱或伽罗纺织，通过德川时代存在的手织机编织成纺织品。棉花产业的转移型迅速取代了内生型的手纺或加拉博基纺，国内原棉产量下降。然而，内生型织造业继续保持强劲基础。最初依赖英国、印度进口棉纱，后将棉纱供应基础转向转移式纺纱业供应。此外，内生棉织业也进行了转型，通过依赖国产动力织机，实现了现代化工厂，即使是小规模工厂。这些是由于转移类型引起的技术刺激而开发的。随后，国内市场饱和，并瞄准出口市场生产。因此，在考察日本棉花产业技术转型与发展时，有必要首先讨论日本棉花产业的技术转型与发展。
The modern Japanese cotton industry comprised of the spinning industry and the weaving industry was totally divorced from the traditional production pattern which had existed during the Tokugawa period. It was created as a result of large-scale mechanized plant transfer which in itself is a uniquely capitalistic form of production. After the management failure of a spinning plant with 2,000 mule spindles, previously transferred and powered by water wheels, the beginning of modern plant transfer was marked by the establishment of Osaka Spinning Co.(10,500 spindles) in 1882. Triggered by the success at Osaka Spinning such representative companies in the Japanese cotton industry as Mie Spinning (1886), Kanegafuchi Spinning, Naigai Cotton, Kurashiki Spinning (1887), Settsu Spinning, Amagasaki Spinning (1889), Kishiwada Spinning (1892), Fuji Spinning, Tokyo Gas Spinning (1896), and Osaka Godo Spinning (1900) were established as a result of plant transfer. Consequently, in 1900 when Japanese capitalism was being established, the modern Japanese cotton industry had developed into the largest industry in Japan with 79 companies, 80 plants, 1,135,000 spindles and approximately 3,000 power looms. These spinning plants which were created as a result of transfer relied upon foreign raw cotton (Chinese and Indian cotton, and later American cotton), and many of them came to operate the weaving process simultaneously. They were defined as the" transfer type" of cotton industry as against the cotton industry of the" endogenous type." The latter relied upon domestic raw cotton for either hand spinning or Gara Boki spinning to be made into textiles through hand loom weaving which existed during the Tokugawa period. The transfer type of cotton industry rapidly superseded hand spinning or Gara Boki spinning of the endogenous type and thus the production of domestic raw cotton declined. The weaving industry of the endogenous type, however, continued on a strong footing. It first relied upon imported cotton yarn from Britain and India and later shifted its basis of cotton yarn supply to that supplied by the spinning industry of the transfer type. Furthermore, the endogenous cotton weaving industry was transformed to bring about modernized plants even on a small-scale basis through reliance upon domestic power looms. These were developed due to the technological stimulation caused by the transfer type. Subsequently, it saturated the domestic market and aimed at production for the export market. Consequently, in an examination of transformation and development of technology in the Japanese cotton industry, it is necessary to first discuss the tech-