Biocultural conservation of marine ecosystems: Examples from New Zealand and Canada
Biocultural conservation of marine ecosystems: Examples from New Zealand and Canada
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海洋生态系统的生物文化保护：新西兰和加拿大的例子
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Dick
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Stephenson;F. Berkes;N. Turner;J. Dick
针对具体地点的知识体系，加上实际使用资源和长期致力于维持资源和生态系统，对于恢复地球的健康至关重要。这种办法已经成为世界各地许多土著和部落民族资源使用和管理制度的一个组成部分，他们的知识和做法反映了共同发展和相互依存的社会生态系统的悠久历史。新西兰和加拿大谈判解决土著权利问题，为表达和应用土著管理办法，包括沿海渔业管理办法，带来了新的机会。使用这两个国家的例子，包括新西兰的Maketu taiāpure和加拿大的GangliHaanas，我们发现，对土著人在渔业管理中的利益的认识正在创造一个独特的“第三空间”的生物文化保护，这与商业渔业与海洋保护区的两极分化的全有或全无制度截然不同。这些海洋养护办法同时支持文化复兴和生物文化多样性;弥合科学的生物多样性养护与当地和土著生物多样性的生计价值之间的差距。使土著社区能够运用他们的知识和做法管理具有重要文化意义的渔业，是通过无人保护区建立人工养护岛屿的一种真实的替代办法。在一个复杂的世界里，当地驱动的方法可能是长期保护的最佳希望。
Place-specific knowledge systems, combined with hands-on resource use and a long-term commitment to sustaining resources and ecosystems, are vitally important in restoring the planet to health. This approach is already an integral part of the resource use and management systems of many Indigenous and tribal peoples worldwide, whose knowledge and practices reflect a long history of co-evolving and interdependent social-ecological systems. Negotiated settlements of Indigenous rights issues in New Zealand and Canada have resulted in new opportunities for the expression and application of Indigenous management approaches, including in coastal fisheries. Using examples from both nations, including the Maketu taiāpure in New Zealand and Gwaii Haanas in Canada, we find that the recognition of Indigenous interests in fisheries management is creating a distinctive ‘third space’ of biocultural conservation that differs quite radically from the polarizing all-or-nothing regime of commercial fisheries vs marine reserves. These approaches to marine conservation simultaneously support cultural renewal and biocultural diversity; bridging the gap between scientific biodiversity conservation on the one hand, and local and Indigenous values of biodiversity for livelihoods on the other. Enabling Indigenous communities to apply their knowledge and practices in stewarding culturally important fisheries is a real alternative to the creation of artificial islands of conservation through human-free protected areas. Locally driven approaches may be the best hope for long-term conservation in a complex world.