EFFECTS OF FLORIVORY ON THE POLLINATION OF FLOWERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDY WITH A PERENNIAL PLANT
EFFECTS OF FLORIVORY ON THE POLLINATION OF FLOWERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDY WITH A PERENNIAL PLANT
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DOI：
10.1086/650154
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发表时间：
2010-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Koptur, Suzanne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cardel, Yuria J.;Koptur, Suzanne
植物的营养部分和生殖部分都会受到损害。叶面积的丧失会影响随后的光合作用和可用于生长和繁殖的资源；花的损害可能会导致胚珠和种子的丧失，但草食也可能破坏花的外观，干扰它们吸引和奖励传粉者的功能。我们在大沼泽地国家公园的松树栖息地(完好的栖息地)和迈阿密-戴德县郊区的松树栖息地考察了蝴蝶豌豆的自然种群，以回答以下问题：(1)毛豆的繁殖系统是什么？(2)在佛罗里达州南部的松林地，这一物种的传粉者是什么？以及(3)食花性动物是如何影响授粉者来访和随后结果的？人工控制授粉试验表明，该物种是自交亲和的，但坐果需要访花/授粉。异花授粉和自由授粉的花每果结实的种子比自花授粉的花多得多。各种各样的蜜蜂(Bombus pensylvanicus、Xylocopa Micans、Megachile spp.和Melissodes spp.)访问花朵，它们充当传粉者。在最近经历过火灾的地区盛产鲜花，大约一半的鲜花被两个花卉协会中的一个破坏(食花族的水痘甲虫和吸食花瓣的苍蝇)。比起未受损害的花，授粉者访问受损花的频率要低得多，因此，它们结出的果实和种子也少得多。我们的结论是，开花是一个主要的障碍，成功授粉和植物有性繁殖在该物种自然发生的地区。
Plants experience damage to both their vegetative and their reproductive parts. Loss of leaf area can affect subsequent photosynthesis and resources available for growth and reproduction; damage to flowers can result in loss of ovules and seeds by consumption, but herbivory may also disfigure flowers, interfering with their functions of attracting and rewarding pollinators. We examined natural populations of the butterfly pea, Centrosema virginianum, in pine rockland habitat in Everglades National Park (intact habitat) and a pine rockland fragment in suburban Miami-Dade County to answer the following questions: (1) What is the breeding system of C. virginianum? (2) What are the pollinators of this species in southern Florida pine rocklands? And (3) how are flower herbivores affecting pollinator visitation and subsequent fruit set? Controlled hand-pollination experiments revealed this species to be self-compatible but requiring visitation/pollination for fruit set. Cross-pollinated flowers and open-pollinated flowers set substantially more seed per fruit than did self-pollinated flowers. Flowers are visited by a variety of bees (Bombus pensylvanicus, Xylocopa micans, Megachile spp., and Melissodes spp.), which serve as pollinators. Flowers were produced abundantly in areas that had experienced recent fires, and roughly half of the flowers were damaged by one of two florivore guilds (blister beetles that ate the flowers and petal-sucking flies in the family Agromyzidae). Damaged flowers were visited much less frequently by pollinators than were undamaged flowers, and, consequently, they set many fewer fruit and much less seed. We conclude that florivory is a major impediment to successful pollination and plant sexual reproduction of C. virginianum in areas where the species naturally occurs.