An effective method for ecosystem‐scale manipulation of bird abundance and species richness
An effective method for ecosystem‐scale manipulation of bird abundance and species richness
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生态系统的有效方法——鸟类丰度和物种丰富度的尺度调控
DOI：
10.1002/ece3.5509
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Johnson, Pieter T. J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wood, Chelsea L.;Summerside, Margaret;Johnson, Pieter T. J.
操纵实验是生态研究的基石，但执行起来可能具有逻辑上的挑战性，特别是当它们的目的是隔离大型、不稳定物种（如鸟类）的生态作用时。尽管有间接证据表明鸟类对许多生态系统具有影响力，但大规模、多年的鸟类操纵实验却很少。当进行这些研究时，它们通常是通过笼子或网状围栏来实现的，这种方法可能很昂贵，对野生动物有风险，而且难以维护。在不适合笼养的情况下，需要替代方法来对鸟类的生态作用进行严格的实证研究。在这里，我们提出并验证了一种在整个水生生态系统范围内通过实验增加鸟类丰度和丰富度的方法。与鸟类排斥不同，这种方法在实验上易于处理，对土地管理者有吸引力，并且可以在大空间范围内部署。我们测试了我们的方法在加州中部 16 个池塘增加鸟类数量和物种丰富度的效果。根据夏季相机捕捉获得的鸟类访问数据，与对照池塘相比，我们的方法显着增加了受控池塘的鸟类物种丰富度和丰度。引诱剂处理减轻了严重干旱对鸟类物种丰富度的负面影响，并且在引诱剂存在的情况下使鸟类丰度增加了近一倍。治疗对大多数哺乳动物物种没有影响，但地松鼠除外，地松鼠在存在引诱剂的情况下数量会增加。这些结果表明引诱剂可以有效增加鸟类的数量和丰富度。我们鼓励研究人员考虑用这种方法来实验性地分离鸟类在水生和开放陆地生态系统中的生态作用，特别是在成本或后勤限制无法使用笼式或网状围栏的情况下。
Manipulation experiments are a cornerstone of ecological research, but can be logistically challenging to execute—particularly when they are intended to isolate the ecological role of large, vagile species, like birds. Despite indirect evidence that birds are influential in many ecosystems, large‐scale, multi‐year bird manipulation experiments are rare. When these studies are conducted, they are typically realized with caged or netted exclosures, an approach that can be expensive, risky for wildlife, and difficult to maintain. In cases where caged exclosures are not appropriate, alternate approaches are needed to allow rigorous empirical studies on the ecological role of birds. Here, we present and validate a method for experimentally increasing the abundance and richness of birds at the scale of entire aquatic ecosystems. Unlike bird exclusion, this approach is experimentally tractable, appealing to land managers, and possible to deploy over large spatial scales. We tested the efficacy of our approach for increasing bird abundance and species richness at 16 central California ponds. Based on bird visitation data obtained by summer camera trapping, our approach significantly increased bird species richness and abundance at manipulated ponds compared to control ponds. Attractant treatments mitigated the negative effects of a major drought on bird species richness and generated a near doubling of bird abundance in the presence of attractants. Treatments had no effect on most mammal species, with the exception of ground squirrels, which increased in abundance in the presence of attractants. These results suggest that attractants are effective in increasing bird abundance and richness. We encourage researchers to consider this approach for experimentally isolating the ecological role of birds in aquatic and open terrestrial ecosystems, especially in cases where cost or logistical constraints preclude the use of caged or netted exclosures.
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