Community-based biotic effects as determinants of tree resistance to pests and pathogens
Community-based biotic effects as determinants of tree resistance to pests and pathogens
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DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2018.01.037
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发表时间：
2018-05-15
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Helfer, Stephan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Iason, Glenn R.;Taylor, Joanne;Helfer, Stephan
鉴于全球森林病虫害的增加，以及化学农药和杀菌剂的停用，我们回顾了通过操纵树木相关植物和其他生物群落特征如何影响林木对病虫害的抵抗力的最新进展。这些包括联合抗性（AR），通过操纵树种组成或丰富度、基因型多样性，或通过抗性物种或基因型的树木密度/频率、杂交种的使用以及细菌和真菌共生体的策略性使用来产生系统诱导的抗性或防御启动来影响。由于森林生产系统的轮换时间，试图破坏树木-害虫或树木-病原体相互作用的基于社区的行动都不能用于对当前已知的害虫或病原体或尚未出现的未知害虫或病原体进行快速动员的有针对性的反应。唯一的例外是可能使用非致病性或共生生物体来诱导系统抵抗力或主要树防御系统免受攻击。由于参与物种和组合的排列范围及其生态相互作用和过程的特殊性质，目前不可能仅使用这些基于群落的方法制定预测规则来保护森林。然而，可以将它们用作长期预防策略的一部分，通过构建未来的森林来提高其总体抵抗力，并减少病虫害（例如害虫）影响的可能性。通过树种和基因型的多样化。
In the light of the global increase in forest pests and diseases, accompanied by withdrawal of chemical pesticides and fungicides, we review recent advances in how forest tree resistance to pests and diseases might be influenced by manipulation of characteristics of the trees' community of associated plants and other organisms. These include associational resistance (AR), effected by manipulation of tree species composition or richness, genotypic diversity, or by tree density/frequency of resistant species or genotypes, use of hybrids, and strategic use of bacterial and fungal symbionts to engender systemic induced resistance, or defense priming. Due to the rotation times in forest production systems, none of the community-based actions that attempt to disrupt a tree-pest or tree-pathogen interaction, can be used in a rapidly mobilised targeted response to currently known pests or pathogens or to unknown ones that are yet to emerge. The only exception is the possible use of non-pathogenic or mutualistic organisms to induce systemic resistance or prime tree defence systems against attack. Due to the range of permutations of participating species and assemblages and the idiosyncratic nature of their ecological interactions and processes, it is not currently possible to formulate predictive rules to protect forests using only these community -based methods. It is however possible to use them as part of a long-term prophylactic strategy by structuring future forests to increase their general resistance, and reduce the probability of impacts of pests and diseases, e.g. via diversification of tree species and genotypes.