Typology of sentence negation
Typology of sentence negation
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句子否定的类型学
DOI：
10.1515/ling.1979.17.1-2.79
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发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Östen Dahl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Östen Dahl
这项研究涵盖了大约240种语言，代表了大约40个语系和基因上孤立的语言。样本不能令人满意地进行统计概括，因为它严重偏向于一些语言群体和地理区域，在这些地方更容易获得数据，而且似乎不可能获得足够大和无偏倚的样本。尽管如此，我认为仍然有可能做出“现象X是经常发生的——很少发生的”这样的判断，这是我们最感兴趣的。主要的资料来源是所讨论的语言的现有语法描述。这些语法包括不同类型的语法（主要是科学的，主要是教学的；传统的，结构主义的和生成的）。当然，这些描述的质量参差不齐：尽管如此，通常至少可以得到一些关于否定结构、基本词序和否定语素位置的信息。的确，很少有描述不提到“否定”——这一事实使我们有可能相当有把握地假定至少有一个否定的普遍性，即否定是一个普遍的范畴。有两个主要因素迫使我从各个方面对目前的研究进行界定，即(a)很难从来源获得相关信息，(b)我不想一次涉及太多问题。因此，由于大多数现有的描述覆盖范围不够，我无法考虑焦点与否定和涉及否定或不定代词的否定句之间的相互作用，例如I see nobodyi do not see anyone。此外，研究集中在带有动词性谓语的简单指示句中的否定词（因此排除了例如无合句和一般句和主句的否定）。在可获得充分资料的情况下，嵌入条款中的否定已被列入。
The study covers approximately 240 languages representing about 40 language families and genetically isolated languages. The sample is not satisfactory for statistical generalizations, since it is heavily biased towards some language groups and geographical areas, where data were more easily obtainable, and it did not seem feasible to obtain a sample which was both large enough and unbiased. I think, though, that it is still possible to make judgments like 'Phenomenon X is frequent-infrequentnot occurring', which is what primarily interests us. The main sources have been existing grammatical descriptions of the languages in question. These include grammars of quite different types (mainly scientific and mainly pedagogical; traditional, structuralist and generative). Of course, the quality of these descriptions varies widely: in spite of this, it has usually been possible to get at least some information concerning Neg constructions, basic word order and placement of Neg morphemes. Indeed, very few descriptions fail to mention anything about Neg — a fact which makes it possible to postulate with some confidence at least one universal of negation, namely that negation is a universal category. Two main factors have forced me to delimit the present study in various respects, namely (a) the difficulty to obtain relevant information from the sources, (b) my desire not to get involved with too many problems at once. Thus, due to insufficient coverage in most existing descriptions, I was not able to consider the interaction between focus and Neg and negated sentences involving negated or indefinite pronouns, e.g. I see nobodyjI do not see anyone. Furthermore, the study concentrates on Neg in simple indicative sentences with a verbal predicate (thus excluding e.g. copulaless sentences and negation of gerundial and principial clauses). Neg in embedded clauses has been included when adequate information has been available.