COLLISIONS BETWEEN GRAVITY-DOMINATED BODIES. II. THE DIVERSITY OF IMPACT OUTCOMES DURING THE END STAGE OF PLANET FORMATION

COLLISIONS BETWEEN GRAVITY-DOMINATED BODIES. II. THE DIVERSITY OF IMPACT OUTCOMES DURING THE END STAGE OF PLANET FORMATION
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重力主导物体之间的碰撞。

DOI:
10.1088/0004-637x/751/1/32
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发表时间:
2012
期刊:
The Astrophysical Journal
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Stewart S
Stewart S
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Stewart S

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行星形成的随机结束阶段的数值模拟通常从一群胚胎和行星体开始,这些胚胎和行星体通过合并成长为行星。我们从最近的N体模拟中分析了导致类地行星增长的碰撞的影响参数,这些模拟假设了完美合并,并使用新的解析碰撞物理模型计算了更现实的结果。我们发现,碰撞的结果是不同的,跨越了所有可能的制度:肇事逃逸、合并、部分吸积、部分侵蚀和灾难性破坏。行星胚胎之间巨大碰撞的主要结果大致平均分为部分吸积事件、放牧合并事件和肇事逃逸事件。为了探索更真实的碰撞结果的累积效应,我们使用来自N体模拟的碰撞参数分布,用蒙特卡罗技术模拟了单个行星的增长。我们发现,与假设每次碰撞都会导致完美融合的模拟相比,使用碰撞物理模型的行星达到>0.7M地球质量的行星更少。对于质量为0.7M地球的最终行星,与最初的胚胎组成相比,60%的核-地幔质量分数比最初的胚胎成分富含>10%。行星形成过程中的碎裂会产生大量碎片(∼占最终质量的15%),主要通过在部分吸积和肇事逃逸事件中侵蚀较小的天体而发生。在部分吸积事件中,靶体通过优先吸积弹丸的铁核而生长,逃逸的碎片主要来自两个物体的硅酸盐地幔。因此,行星的整体组成可以通过随机的巨大撞击而演变。
Numerical simulations of the stochastic end stage of planet formation typically begin with a population of embryos and planetesimals that grow into planets by merging. We analyzed the impact parameters of collisions leading to the growth of terrestrial planets from recent N-body simulations that assumed perfect merging and calculated more realistic outcomes using a new analytic collision physics model. We find that collision outcomes are diverse and span all possible regimes: hit-and-run, merging, partial accretion, partial erosion, and catastrophic disruption. The primary outcomes of giant impacts between planetary embryos are approximately evenly split between partial accretion, graze-and-merge, and hit-and-run events. To explore the cumulative effects of more realistic collision outcomes, we modeled the growth of individual planets with a Monte Carlo technique using the distribution of impact parameters from N-body simulations. We find that fewer planets reached masses> 0.7 M Earth using the collision physics model compared to simulations that assumed every collision results in perfect merging. For final planets with masses> 0.7 M Earth, 60% are enriched in their core-to-mantle mass fraction by> 10% compared to the initial embryo composition. Fragmentation during planet formation produces significant debris (∼ 15% of the final mass) and occurs primarily by erosion of the smaller body in partial accretion and hit-and-run events. In partial accretion events, the target body grows by preferentially accreting the iron core of the projectile and the escaping fragments are derived primarily from the silicate mantles of both bodies. Thus, the bulk composition of a planet can evolve via stochastic giant impacts.
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