Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: predicting the effects of climate change
Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: predicting the effects of climate change
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02762.x
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发表时间：
2010-11-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Elliott, J. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elliott, J. M.;Elliott, J. A.
大西洋鲑鱼 Salmo salar、褐鳟 Salmo trutta（包括溯河产卵的海鳟）和北极红点鲑 Salvelinus alpinus（包括溯河产卵的鱼类）为西欧提供了重要的商业和游钓渔业。随着气候变化导致水温升高，有关这三个物种热需求的定量信息至关重要，以便负责渔业保护和可持续管理以及淡水生态系统生物多样性维护的人员能够预测潜在问题。第一部分比较了生存、进食和生长的温度限制。 Salmo salar 的耐温性最高，其次是 S. trutta，最后是 S. alpinus。对于这三个物种，幼鱼的温度耐受性略低于帕尔鱼和小鲑鱼，卵的耐受性最低；这是最容易受到任何温度升高影响的生命阶段，特别是对于浅水中的高山鳅卵来说。除了非常寒冷的河流（年平均温度 < 6 个中心点 5 摄氏度）之外，几乎没有证据支持当地的热适应。第二部分利用对幼鱼溯河产卵的 S. trutta 种群的长期研究（1967-2000）的数据说明了开发预测模型的重要性。基于个体的模型预测了鱼苗的羽化期。 34 年的平均值揭示了 c 的出现时间存在很大差异。极值之间相差 2 个月。出现时间与北大西洋涛动指数显着相关，表明出现的年际变化与更普遍的气候变化有关。冬季和春季的平均河流温度以每十年 0 中心点 37 摄氏度的速度显着增加，但夏季和秋季则不然，并导致小鲑鱼的平均质量增加。 S. trutta 的生长模型通过长期研究的生长数据进行了验证，并预测了未来可能条件下的生长情况。冬季和春季小幅增加（< 2 个中心点 5 摄氏度）将有利于生长，其中 1 岁小鲑鱼更为常见。水温必须升高 c。冬春季节4℃，夏秋季节3℃，才对鳟鱼的生长产生明显的负面影响。
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta (including the anadromous form, sea trout) and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (including anadromous fish) provide important commercial and sports fisheries in Western Europe. As water temperature increases as a result of climate change, quantitative information on the thermal requirements of these three species is essential so that potential problems can be anticipated by those responsible for the conservation and sustainable management of the fisheries and the maintenance of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems. Part I compares the temperature limits for survival, feeding and growth. Salmo salar has the highest temperature tolerance, followed by S. trutta and finally S. alpinus. For all three species, the temperature tolerance for alevins is slightly lower than that for parr and smolts, and the eggs have the lowest tolerance; this being the most vulnerable life stage to any temperature increase, especially for eggs of S. alpinus in shallow water. There was little evidence to support local thermal adaptation, except in very cold rivers (mean annual temperature < 6 center dot 5 degrees C). Part II illustrates the importance of developing predictive models, using data from a long-term study (1967-2000) of a juvenile anadromous S. trutta population. Individual-based models predicted the emergence period for the fry. Mean values over 34 years revealed a large variation in the timing of emergence with c. 2 months between extreme values. The emergence time correlated significantly with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, indicating that interannual variations in emergence were linked to more general changes in climate. Mean stream temperatures increased significantly in winter and spring at a rate of 0 center dot 37 degrees C per decade, but not in summer and autumn, and led to an increase in the mean mass of pre-smolts. A growth model for S. trutta was validated by growth data from the long-term study and predicted growth under possible future conditions. Small increases (< 2 center dot 5 degrees C) in winter and spring would be beneficial for growth with 1 year-old smolts being more common. Water temperatures would have to increase by c. 4 degrees C in winter and spring, and 3 degrees C in summer and autumn before they had a marked negative effect on trout growth.