Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi.
Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi.
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DOI：
10.1038/nrmicro3480
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发表时间：
2015-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Casadevall A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brown L;Wolf JM;Prados-Rosales R;Casadevall A
细胞外囊泡（EV）由生命的所有领域产生。在革兰氏阴性细菌中，EV是通过外膜的挤压产生的;然而，EV如何逃离革兰氏阳性细菌，分枝杆菌和真菌的厚细胞壁仍然是未知的。尽管如此，EV已经在多种细胞壁生物中被描述，包括金黄色葡萄球菌、结核分枝杆菌和新型隐球菌。这些EV含有不同的货物，包括核酸，毒素，脂蛋白和酶，并在微生物生理学和发病机制中具有重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们描述了厚壁微生物中囊泡发生研究的现状，并讨论了这些物种中与EV相关的货物和功能。细胞外囊泡如何穿过革兰氏阳性菌、分枝杆菌和真菌的厚细胞壁一直困扰着研究人员。在这篇综述中，Prados-Rosales及其同事考虑了解决这一难题的可能方案，并描述了这些生物体产生的细胞外囊泡的多种功能。
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria, EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the thick cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi is still unknown. Nonetheless, EVs have been described in a variety of cell-walled organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cryptococcus neoformans. These EVs contain varied cargo, including nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins and enzymes, and have important roles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis. In this Review, we describe the current status of vesiculogenesis research in thick-walled microorganisms and discuss the cargo and functions associated with EVs in these species. How extracellular vesicles traverse the thick cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi has perplexed researchers. In this Review, Prados-Rosales and colleagues consider possible solutions to this conundrum and describe the diverse functions of the extracellular vesicles produced by these organisms.