Time-information uncertainty relations in thermodynamics
Time-information uncertainty relations in thermodynamics
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DOI：
10.1038/s41567-020-0981-y
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发表时间：
2020-09-21
期刊：
影响因子：
19.6
通讯作者：
Green, Jason R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nicholson, Schuyler B.;Garcia-Pintos, Luis Pedro;Green, Jason R.
物理系统在固定的时间内为运动提供动力并创造结构，从而耗散能量并产生熵。无论是生活的、合成的还是工程的，执行这些动态功能的系统必须平衡耗散和速度。在这里，我们展示了能量和熵交换的速率受制于速度限制——一种时间-信息不确定性关系——由系统信息内容的变化率所施加。这种不确定性关系限定了热力学量的变化与其sd的大小相同之前所经过的时间。从这个一般界限出发，我们根据系统及其环境的实验约束，建立了热、耗散/化学功和熵的一系列速度限制。在所有这些不等式中，瞬态动力波动的时间标度普遍受费雪信息的约束。此外，它们都有一个数学形式，反映了量子力学中曼德尔斯塔姆-塔姆版本的时间-能量不确定性关系。这些任意可观测值的速度界限适用于远离热力学平衡的瞬态系统，与随机动力学的物理约束或它们的函数无关。热力学中的时间-信息不确定性关系类似于量子力学中的时间-能量不确定性关系，对系统与外部储层之间的能量和熵交换速度施加了限制。
Physical systems powering motion and creating structure in a fixed amount of time dissipate energy and produce entropy. Whether living, synthetic or engineered, systems performing these dynamic functions must balance dissipation and speed. Here, we show that rates of energy and entropy exchange are subject to a speed limit-a time-information uncertainty relation-imposed by the rates of change in the information content of the system. This uncertainty relation bounds the time that elapses before the change in a thermodynamic quantity has the same magnitude as its s.d. From this general bound, we establish a family of speed limits for heat, dissipated/chemical work and entropy depending on the experimental constraints on the system and its environment. In all of these inequalities, the timescale of transient dynamical fluctuations is universally bounded by the Fisher information. Moreover, they all have a mathematical form that mirrors the Mandelstam-Tamm version of the time-energy uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics. These bounds on the speed of arbitrary observables apply to transient systems away from thermodynamic equilibrium, independent of the physical constraints on the stochastic dynamics or their function.A time-information uncertainty relation in thermodynamics has been derived, analogous to the time-energy uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics, imposing limits on the speed of energy and entropy exchange between a system and external reservoirs.