Discounting delayed and probabilistic monetary gains and losses by smokers of cigarettes
Discounting delayed and probabilistic monetary gains and losses by smokers of cigarettes
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DOI：
10.1007/s00213-005-0110-8
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发表时间：
2005-11-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Kitamura, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ohmura, Y;Takahashi, T;Kitamura, N
基本原理：尼古丁依赖与冲动和贴现延迟/不确定的outcomes.Objectives相关：本研究有两个主要目的：（1）研究吸烟者每天消费香烟的数量与延迟和不确定的金钱收益和损失之间的关系，以及（2）确定每日尼古丁摄入量的估计剂量与四种类型折扣发生的程度之间的关系。27名习惯性吸烟者和23名从不吸烟者参加了这项实验。他们被要求立即和延迟的金钱奖励（或损失）之间进行选择，或保证和概率奖励（或losss.Results：延迟的金钱收益折扣的程度显着和正相关的吸烟的数量和估计剂量的尼古丁摄入量每天。相反，吸烟与其余三种折扣类型之间没有关系。此外，在我们的样本中，轻度吸烟者并没有从从来没有吸烟者在折扣的金钱收益或loss.Conclusions不同：在一般情况下，我们的研究结果表明，尼古丁自我管理的频率，以及剂量，正相关更大的延迟折扣的收益。对这种效应的一种神经心理药理学解释是，长期摄入尼古丁可能会诱导参与奖励处理的神经回路的神经适应。
Rationale: Nicotine dependence has been associated with impulsivity and discounting delayed/uncertain outcomes.Objectives: This study had two main objectives: (1) to examine the relationship between the number of cigarettes consumed per day and the degree to which delayed and uncertain monetary gains and losses are discounted by smokers, and (2) to determine the relationship between the estimated dose of nicotine intake per day and the degree to which four types of discounting occur.Methods: Twenty seven habitual smokers and 23 never smokers participated in this experiment. They were required to choose between immediate and delayed monetary rewards (or losses), or between guaranteed and probabilistic rewards (or losses).Results: The degree to which delayed monetary gains were discounted was significantly and positively correlated with both the number of cigarettes smoked and the estimated dose of nicotine intake per day. Conversely, there was no relationship between smoking and the remaining three types of discounting. Also, mild smokers in our sample did not differ from never smokers in discounting monetary gains or losses.Conclusions: In general, our results suggest that both the frequency of nicotine self-administration, as well as the dosage, are positively associated with greater delay discounting of gains. One neuropsychopharmacological explanation for this effect is that chronic nicotine intake may induce neuroadaptation of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing.