Synoptic versus orographic control on stationary convective banding

Synoptic versus orographic control on stationary convective banding
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静止对流​​带的天气与地形控制

DOI:
10.1002/qj.2409
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
8.9
通讯作者:
Barrett A
Barrett A
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Barrett A

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准平稳对流带可以引起大面积的局地降雨积累,并经常受到地形特征的影响。在这里,使用气象局统一模式在对流允许的分辨率下(1.5 km栅格长度)的集合来确定产生这种波段的可预测性和机制。该带在英国上空静止了3小时,并产生了高达34毫米的降雨量。预报降雨的数量和位置变化很大,尽管在集合成员的大尺度条件之间只有很小的差异。在对照组的21个成员中,只有3个产生了固定的雨带;这三个国家的上游风最弱,因此弗劳德数最低。带状的形成是由于两个过程的叠加:由上游障碍物周围的气流引起的背风侧辐合,以及由上游地形的升高加热引起的热强迫辐合。当弗劳德数较低时,这两种机制都得到增强。通过增加地形高度(从而减少弗劳德数),波段变得更加可预测。由于降雨变率在很大程度上是由大尺度流的微小变化调制的,因此需要一个集合方法来成功地预测这种准平稳对流事件的可能发生。然而,需要高分辨率的模型来准确地解决流与地形的小尺度相互作用,而地形是带状形成所依赖的。因此,尽管地形提供了一些可预测性,但在未来许多年里,由地形锚定的准平稳对流带可能仍然是一个预测挑战。
Quasi‐stationary convective bands can cause large localised rainfall accumulations and are often anchored by topographic features. Here, the predictability of and mechanisms causing one such band are determined using ensembles of the Met Office Unified Model at convection‐permitting resolution (1.5 km grid length). The band was stationary over the UK for 3 h and produced rainfall accumulations of up to 34 mm. The amount and location of the predicted rainfall was highly variable despite only small differences between the large‐scale conditions of the ensemble members. Only three of 21 members of the control ensemble produced a stationary rain band; these three had the weakest upstream winds and hence lowest Froude number. Band formation was due to the superposition of two processes: lee‐side convergence resulting from flow around an upstream obstacle and thermally forced convergence resulting from elevated heating over the upstream terrain. Both mechanisms were enhanced when the Froude number was lower. By increasing the terrain height (thus reducing the Froude number), the band became more predictable.An ensemble approach is required to successfully predict the possible occurrence of such quasi‐stationary convective events because the rainfall variability is largely modulated by small variations of the large‐scale flow. However, high‐resolution models are required to accurately resolve the small‐scale interactions of the flow with the topography upon which the band formation depends. Thus, although topography provides some predictability, the quasi‐stationary convective bands anchored by it are likely to remain a forecasting challenge for many years to come.
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