Images of time: temporal aspects of auditory and movement imagination
Images of time: temporal aspects of auditory and movement imagination
复制标题
时间图像：听觉和运动想象的时间方面
作者：
R. Schaefer
心理意象研究表明，当我们想象某件事时，相关的神经过程与实际感知或执行相同的感知或动作相关的神经过程重叠（Kosslyn et al., 2001）。尽管视觉意象长期以来一直是感觉意象研究的主要方式，但听觉、嗅觉和触觉意象也涉及特定方式的大脑区域（即视觉意象涉及的视觉区域等）（Halpern，2001；Plailly 等，2012；Schmidt 等，2014）。运动或动作意象为动作表征理论提供了信息（Jeannerod 和 Decety，1995），并且最近在运动或手术（Cocks 等人，2014）和运动康复（Malouin 和 Richards，2010）等专业技能获取的心理实践背景下引起了兴趣。意象的神经基础越来越清晰，并且与意象相关的模态特异性和非模态神经激活都已被发现（Daselaar 等，2010；Zvyagintsev 等，2013）。然而，越来越多的关于想象力的神经影像学文献尚未包括对时间意象的描述。尽管时间间隔的再现一直是人们感兴趣的研究课题，但时间意象的贡献——即内部计时或以其他方式创建意象的时间方面——在很大程度上尚未被探索。因此，与其他感知方式类似，尚不清楚时间意象是否与参与时间感知或规律性检测的大脑网络共享大脑基质。特别是对于动作或声音，想象的刺激或动作的时间结构对于召唤忠实的图像至关重要，这表明在听觉和运动想象的科学发现中，包括时间想象。我们内部创建的时间模式可以说是任何自定进度运动的基础，无论是快速冲刺、音乐表演还是在公园里轻松散步。在这里，我认为运动和听觉（特别是音乐）意象之间的共享成分可能为了解时间和时间技能提供了一个窗口，这可能具有超越运动或听觉功能的认知重要性。
尽管节奏性声音和运动的相互影响已经被证明，节奏性运动支持听觉敏锐度（Su和Poppel，2012），节奏性声音支持运动效率（Bood等人，2013），但很少有研究关注意象在功能上取代感知或动作并表现出类似相互作用的程度，这可能表明它们的时间结构中的共享处理。据报道，音乐想象力与感知音乐类似地影响手指敲击（Repp，2001），并已被用于支持临床环境中的运动（Satoh 和 Kuzuhara，2008）。音乐意象实验的轶事观察（如 Schaefer 等人，2011b 中所述）表明，随着音乐意象敲击手指可以支持准确的意象计时，并且据报道听觉线索可以增加运动意象的生动性（Heremans 等人，2009）。此外，运动计时技能和预期音乐意象能力似乎是相关的（Pecenka 和 Keller，2009；Keller 和 Appel，2010）。这些发现表明，运动和音乐处理之间的联系可能会延伸到想象的刺激或动作，当前文章的贡献是汇集时间处理、音乐和运动研究的发现，并断言，首先，音乐和运动意象之间的共性可能揭示更多关于内部驱动的计时机制，其次，人们可能推测这些内部计时模式与专业知识相关，因此可以在时间技能和认知能力的研究结果的背景下看到（Madison等人， 2009；霍尔姆等人，2011）。
Research on mental imagery has shown that when we imagine something, the related neural processes overlap with those related to actually perceiving or performing that same percept or action (Kosslyn et al., 2001). Although visual imagery has long been the dominant modality for the investigation of sensory imagery, involvement of modality-specific brain regions (i.e., visual areas being implicated in visual imagery, and so on) has now also been reported for auditory, olfactory and tactile imagery (Halpern, 2001; Plailly et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2014). Movement or action imagery has informed theories of action representation (Jeannerod and Decety, 1995) and has recently gained interest in the context of mental practice for expert skill acquisition such as sports or surgery (Cocks et al., 2014) and movement rehabilitation (Malouin and Richards, 2010). Increasingly, the neural underpinnings of imagery have become clearer, and both modality-specific and modality-unspecific neural activations related to imagery have been found (Daselaar et al., 2010; Zvyagintsev et al., 2013). However, the growing body of neuroimaging literature on imagination has yet to include an account of temporal imagery. Although the reproduction of time intervals has been a research topic of interest, the contribution of temporal imagery—namely internal timekeeping or creating the temporal aspects of imagery in other modalities—is largely unexplored. As such it is unclear whether, similar to other perceptual modalities, imagery for time shares cerebral substrate with brain networks involved in time perception or regularity detection. Specifically for actions or sounds, the temporal structure of the imagined stimulus or action is crucial in conjuring a faithful image, suggesting that in scientific findings of auditory and motor imagery, temporal imagery is included. The temporal patterns we create internally arguably lie at the basis of any self-paced movement, be it a fast sprint, a musical performance, or an easy walk in the park. Here, I argue that the shared components between movement and auditory (specifically music) imagery may offer a window into timing and temporal skills, which may carry cognitive importance beyond movement or auditory functions.
Whereas the reciprocal influences of rhythmic sound and movement have been shown, with rhythmic movement supporting auditory acuity (Su and Poppel, 2012) and rhythmic sound supporting movement efficiency (Bood et al., 2013), few studies have looked at the extent to which imagery can functionally replace perception or action and show similar interactions, which may point to shared processing in their temporal structure. Music imagination was reported to affect finger tapping similarly to perceived music (Repp, 2001) and has been used to support movement in clinical settings (Satoh and Kuzuhara, 2008). Anecdotal observation from music imagery experiments (such as described in Schaefer et al., 2011b), suggests that tapping a finger along to music imagery supported accurate imagery timing, and auditory cues are reported to increase motor imagery vividness (Heremans et al., 2009). Furthermore, motor timing skills and anticipatory music imagery ability appear to be related (Pecenka and Keller, 2009; Keller and Appel, 2010). These findings suggest that the links between motor and music processing may extend into imagined stimuli or actions, and the contribution of the current piece is to bring together findings from temporal processing, music and motor research, and to assert that firstly, the commonalities between music and motor imagery may reveal more about internally driven timing mechanisms, and secondly, one might speculate that these internal timing patterns are related to expertise, and as such may be seen in the context of findings on temporal skills and cognitive abilities (Madison et al., 2009; Holm et al., 2011).