Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation-State:
Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation-State:
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超越民族国家的民主治理：
DOI：
10.1177/1354066100006002002
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
M. Zürn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Zürn
国际机构不仅提高了系统的有效性或产出的合法性，而且在规范上也是对全球化造成的民主问题的一种合理的回应。通过这种方式，国际机构也增加了投入的合法性。因此，将民族国家以外的民主问题定为“通过国际机构有效解决问题”和“民主政治进程”之间的选择是错误的做法。与此同时，毋庸置疑的是，这些国际机构的实际运作不符合民主标准。通过正确地指出当前国际机构的缺陷，怀疑论者过快地得出结论，认为国际机构运作中的大部分缺陷无法弥补。这种怀疑的论点建立在两个或多或少明确的背景假设上，这两个假设可能会受到经验上的挑战。第一个背景假设指出，演示不能在跨国层面上存在。我将在理论上修正这一说法，并提供一些概念上的区别，为进一步的实证研究奠定基础。怀疑论者的第二个背景假设假定国家主权和超国家之间存在零和关系。我将提出一些具体的制度建议，这些建议破坏了怀疑论者的零和逻辑，得出的结论是，在一个去民族化的社会，民主合法性只能通过包括多数程序和谈判机制的混合宪法来实现。
International institutions not only increase system effectiveness or output legitimacy, but are also a normatively plausible response to the problems for democracy that are caused by globalization. In this way, international institutions also increase input legitimacy. It is therefore a false approach to pin down the problem of democracy beyond the nation-state as a choice between `effective problem-solving through international institutions' and `democratic political processes'. At the same time, it is indisputable that the actual functioning of these international institutions does not meet democratic standards. By correctly pointing to the deficits of current international institutions, sceptics too quickly conclude that most deficits in the working of international institutions cannot be remedied. The sceptical argument is founded on two more or less explicit background hypotheses that can be empirically challenged. The first background hypothesis states that a demos cannot exist at the transnational level. I will modify this statement in theoretical terms and offer some conceptual distinctions that may prepare the ground for further empirical investigation. The second background hypothesis of the sceptics postulates a zero-sum relationship between national sovereignty and supranationality. I will put forward some concrete institutional proposals that undermine the zero-sum logic of the sceptics, concluding that in a denationalized society, democratic legitimacy can only be achieved by a mixed constitution comprising majority procedures and negotiation mechanisms.