The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): Overview and experimental design
The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): Overview and experimental design
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DOI：
10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014
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发表时间：
2013-05
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
M. Tjernström;C. Leck;C. Birch;J. Bottenheim;B. Brooks;I. Brooks;L. Bäcklin;R. Chang;G. D. Leeuw;L. D. Liberto;Sara de la Rosa;E. Granath;M. Graus;A. Hansel;J. Heintzenberg;A. Held;A. Hind;P. E. Johnston;J. Knulst;M. Martin;P. Matrai;T. Mauritsen;Michael J. Mueller;S. Norris;M. Orellana;D. Orsini;J. Paatero;P. Persson;Q. Gao;C. Rauschenberg;Z. Ristovski;J. Sedlar;M. Shupe;B. Sierau;A. Sirevaag;S. Sjogren;O. Stetzer;E. Swietlicki;M. Szczodrak;P. Vaattovaara;N. Wahlberg;M. Westberg;C. Wheeler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Tjernström;C. Leck;C. Birch;J. Bottenheim;B. Brooks;I. Brooks;L. Bäcklin;R. Chang;G. D. Leeuw;L. D. Liberto;Sara de la Rosa;E. Granath;M. Graus;A. Hansel;J. Heintzenberg;A. Held;A. Hind;P. E. Johnston;J. Knulst;M. Martin;P. Matrai;T. Mauritsen;Michael J. Mueller;S. Norris;M. Orellana;D. Orsini;J. Paatero;P. Persson;Q. Gao;C. Rauschenberg;Z. Ristovski;J. Sedlar;M. Shupe;B. Sierau;A. Sirevaag;S. Sjogren;O. Stetzer;E. Swietlicki;M. Szczodrak;P. Vaattovaara;N. Wahlberg;M. Westberg;C. Wheeler
抽象的。北极的气候变化比地球上任何地方都要快。对与北极云和气溶胶-云相互作用有关的反馈过程了解不足，导致对北极气候系统目前变化的了解不足，也导致对北极未来气候的预测存在很大差异。由于在北极中部缺乏研究质量的观测，这一问题更加严重。改进气候模型的公式需要进行这种观测，而这种观测只能来自这一难以到达的地区的实地测量，因为后勤条件要求很高。北极夏季云海研究是2007-2008国际极地年期间以大气为重点的最广泛的北冰洋中部考察。南极气候观测系统侧重于研究北极低层云的形成和生命周期。2008年8月2日，该系统离开斯瓦尔巴群岛的朗伊尔城，9月9日返回。在进出浮冰的过程中，在弗拉姆海峡建立了四个短的研究站：两个在开放水域，两个在边缘冰区。向北穿越浮冰后，于8月12日在87°21' N，01°29' W建立了一个冰营，并一直运行到9月1日，随着冰漂流。在此期间，对大气气体和粒子的化学和物理学、中尺度和边界层气象学、海洋生物学和化学以及上层海洋物理学进行了广泛的测量。ASCOS提供了一个独特的跨学科数据集，用于开发和测试云过程的新假设，它们与海冰和海洋的相互作用以及相关的物理，化学和生物过程和相互作用。例如，有史以来第一次对北极铅中气泡的定量观察，加上对海洋有机物质的独特发现，即在云滴内部起源于海洋的聚合物凝胶，表明北极层积云中可能存在原始海洋有机衍生的云凝结核。然而，直接观测气溶胶的表面通量不能解释观测到的气溶胶浓度的变化，本地和远程气溶胶源之间的平衡仍然是开放的。云凝结核（CCN）的缺乏有时是低层云形成的控制因素，因此也是云对地面能量收支影响的控制因素。ASCOS提供了从夏末融化到初秋冻结的地表能量平衡的详细测量数据，并记录了在这一过渡期间云和风暴对地表能量平衡的影响。除了这种过程级研究之外，独特的、独立的ASCOS数据集可以而且正在用于验证卫星检索、操作模型和再分析数据集。
Abstract. The climate in the Arctic is changing faster than anywhere else on earth. Poorly understood feedback processes relating to Arctic clouds and aerosol–cloud interactions contribute to a poor understanding of the present changes in the Arctic climate system, and also to a large spread in projections of future climate in the Arctic. The problem is exacerbated by the paucity of research-quality observations in the central Arctic. Improved formulations in climate models require such observations, which can only come from measurements in situ in this difficult-to-reach region with logistically demanding environmental conditions. The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) was the most extensive central Arctic Ocean expedition with an atmospheric focus during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008. ASCOS focused on the study of the formation and life cycle of low-level Arctic clouds. ASCOS departed from Longyearbyen on Svalbard on 2 August and returned on 9 September 2008. In transit into and out of the pack ice, four short research stations were undertaken in the Fram Strait: two in open water and two in the marginal ice zone. After traversing the pack ice northward, an ice camp was set up on 12 August at 87°21' N, 01°29' W and remained in operation through 1 September, drifting with the ice. During this time, extensive measurements were taken of atmospheric gas and particle chemistry and physics, mesoscale and boundary-layer meteorology, marine biology and chemistry, and upper ocean physics. ASCOS provides a unique interdisciplinary data set for development and testing of new hypotheses on cloud processes, their interactions with the sea ice and ocean and associated physical, chemical, and biological processes and interactions. For example, the first-ever quantitative observation of bubbles in Arctic leads, combined with the unique discovery of marine organic material, polymer gels with an origin in the ocean, inside cloud droplets suggests the possibility of primary marine organically derived cloud condensation nuclei in Arctic stratocumulus clouds. Direct observations of surface fluxes of aerosols could, however, not explain observed variability in aerosol concentrations, and the balance between local and remote aerosols sources remains open. Lack of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) was at times a controlling factor in low-level cloud formation, and hence for the impact of clouds on the surface energy budget. ASCOS provided detailed measurements of the surface energy balance from late summer melt into the initial autumn freeze-up, and documented the effects of clouds and storms on the surface energy balance during this transition. In addition to such process-level studies, the unique, independent ASCOS data set can and is being used for validation of satellite retrievals, operational models, and reanalysis data sets.