The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability.
The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability.
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性别差异和脆弱性的性别差异的基础。
DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068
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发表时间：
2017-02-07
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Voegtline KM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DiPietro JA;Voegtline KM
尽管性别对人类发育的作用长期以来一直很感兴趣，但胎儿性别对早期发育的功能性影响尚未得到很好的理解。在这里，我们探讨妊娠起源的性别作为一个调解人的发展。根据这一特殊问题的重点，我们研究的证据性别差异的脆弱性产前和围产期的风险。评估的暴露包括外部环境中存在的暴露（例如，铅，杀虫剂），那些由母亲行为引入的（例如，酒精、阿片类药物使用），以及由不利的子宫内环境引起的那些（例如，早产）。我们还提供了关于胎儿神经行为发育中性别差异程度的现有知识（即，心脏和运动模式）在出生前就存在。还考虑了胎儿性别对孕妇的同期和持续影响。越来越多的证据证实，暴露于产前和围产期逆境的男性胎儿的婴儿和幼儿期发育结果比女性胎儿受损更严重。在某些情况下，男性胎儿比女性胎儿更频繁地暴露于早期逆境，并且在暴露时受到逆境的影响也更大。生理性别赋予发育中的神经系统脆弱性或保护的机制在很大程度上是未知的。我们认为，模型涉及的变化，成熟，胎盘功能，神经内分泌环境作为潜在的贡献者。许多研究将性别作为控制变量，一些研究分析和报告了性别的主要影响，但那些报告性别交互作用的研究很少。因此，脆弱性方面性别差异的真实范围不得而知。
Despite long-standing interest in the role of sex on human development, the functional consequences of fetal sex on early development are not well understood. Here we explore the gestational origins of sex as a moderator of development. In accordance with the focus of this special issue, we examine evidence for a sex differential in vulnerability to prenatal and perinatal risks. Exposures evaluated include those present in the external environment (e.g., lead, pesticides), those introduced by maternal behaviors (e.g., alcohol, opioid use), and those resulting from an adverse intrauterine environment (e.g., preterm birth). We also provide current knowledge on the degree to which sex differences in fetal neurobehavioral development (i.e., cardiac and motor patterns) are present prior to birth. Also considered are contemporaneous and persistent sex of fetus effects on the pregnant woman. Converging evidence confirms that infant and early childhood developmental outcomes of male fetuses exposed to prenatal and perinatal adversities are more highly impaired than those of female fetuses. In certain circumstances, male fetuses are both more frequently exposed to early adversities and more affected by them when exposed than are female fetuses. The mechanisms through which biological sex imparts vulnerability or protection on the developing nervous system are largely unknown. We consider models that implicate variation in maturation, placental functioning, and the neuroendocrine milieu as potential contributors. Many studies use sex as a control variable, some analyze and report main effects for sex, but those that report interaction terms for sex are scare. As a result, the true scope of sex differences in vulnerability is unknown.