Solving the freeloaders paradox:: Genetic associations and frequency-dependent selection in the evolution of cooperation among nonrelatives
Solving the freeloaders paradox:: Genetic associations and frequency-dependent selection in the evolution of cooperation among nonrelatives
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.212408299
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发表时间：
2002-10-29
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Avilés, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Avilés, L
在社会进化研究中，一个长期存在的问题是理解在存在白吃白喝者的情况下，合作是如何维持的。白吃白喝者是指那些利用他们渴望加入的群体中更合作的成员的个体。当群体由非亲属组成时，白吃白喝的问题尤其麻烦，并且没有包容性的健身福利累积给那些对社区活动贡献更大的个人。然而，这些理论上的困难并没有反映在自然界中非亲属群体所表现出的合作甚至利他行为的众多例子中（例如，许多人类群体，共同筑巢的蜜蜂，多个蚁后，细胞黏菌和社会细菌）。使用一个模型，其中合作和分组的趋势建模为共同发展的动力学变量，我表明，当组大小对健身的影响被明确考虑时，可以解决的白吃白喝的问题。我表明，白吃白喝，其存在是反映在分组和合作之间的联系不平衡的发展，增加频率时，罕见的，但选择对常见的，由于生产力降低的群体，他们负担与他们的存在。因此，吃白食者的频率周期性地在这里所示的动态平衡周围上升和下降。这些结果突出了群体水平的影响在起源和社会性的维护的重要性，说明了动态的性质，均衡时，涉及多个层次的选择，并提供了一个解决方案的白吃白喝的悖论。
One of the enduring problems in the study of social evolution has been to understand how cooperation can be maintained in the presence of freeloaders, individuals that take advantage of the more cooperative members of groups they are eager to join. The freeloader problem has been particularly troublesome when groups consist of nonrelatives, and no inclusive fitness benefits accrue to individuals that contribute more heavily to communal activities. These theoretical difficulties, however, are not mirrored by the numerous examples of cooperative or even altruistic behaviors exhibited by groups of nonrelatives in nature (e.g., many human groups, communally nesting bees, multiple queen-founding ants, cellular slime molds, and social bacteria). Using a model in which cooperation and grouping tendencies are modeled as coevolving dynamical variables, I show that the freeloader problem can be addressed when group-size effects on fitness are considered explicitly. I show that freeloaders, whose presence is reflected in the development of linkage disequilibrium between grouping and cooperation, increase in frequency when rare, but are selected against when common due to the reduced productivity of the groups they overburden with their presence. Freeloader frequencies thus periodically rise and fall around an equilibrium shown here to be dynamic. These results highlight the importance of group-level effects in the origin and maintenance of sociality, illustrate the dynamic nature of equilibria when multiple levels of selection are involved, and provide a solution to the freeloaders paradox.