Transgenerational Communication of Traumatic Experiences
Transgenerational Communication of Traumatic Experiences
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DOI：
10.1515/jlt-2011-0005
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
0.2
通讯作者：
A. Anastasiadis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Anastasiadis
经历或目睹可怕的暴力事件最终会导致创伤。创伤性事件压倒了自我的防御机制并穿透了防护罩。创伤经历超出了个人的应对能力并造成永久性的不稳定。它们是不可理解的，因此不会进入受影响人们的意识或以不同的方式记录在他们的记忆中。受创伤的人试图避免与创伤相关的刺激，或者当面对创伤的提醒时，他会重新激活所谓的侵入性症状的经历，例如噩梦、闪回和身体或心理反应。创伤记忆的主要特征之一是难以将它们整合到叙事结构或上下文中。因此，创伤经历的表达和交流是矛盾且支离破碎的。大屠杀、战争或政治迫害等人为灾难造成的创伤经历具有集体性。它们影响到家庭、村庄和城市，破坏家庭和社会纽带，并在集体记忆中留下深刻的痕迹。并非所有受影响的人（包括受害者和施暴者）都会出现创伤症状，但他们的心理结构是由他们的极端经历塑造的。此外，它们还可能对受害者的后代或与创伤事件没有经历联系的肇事者产生持久影响。未解决的创伤经历可以代代相传，并影响或扰乱后代的生活。他们可能会造成身份问题并引发代际冲突。特别是，对第二代大屠杀幸存者的精神分析调查显示了创伤经历的不同形式的跨代传播（参见，例如，Bergmann/Jucovy 1982）。精神创伤学将这种现象称为跨代创伤。值得注意的是，戈特弗里德·费舍尔和彼得·里德瑟提供的心理学定义强调了沉默事件的心理后果：
Undergoing or witnessing a horrific, violent event eventually results in trauma. A traumatic event overwhelms the ego’s defence mechanisms and penetrates the protective shield. Traumatic experiences exceed the individual’s capacity to cope and create permanent instability. They are incomprehensible and therefore do not enter the consciousness or are registered in a different way in the memory of the people affected. The traumatized individual tries to avoid stimuli associated with the trauma, or he reactivates his experiences in so-called intrusive symptoms, such as nightmares, flashbacks and physical or psychological reactions, when confronted with reminders of the traumatization. One of the main characteristics of traumatic memories is the difficulty to integrate them into a narrative structure or context. The representation and communication of traumatic experiences are therefore contradictory and fragmented. Traumatic experiences caused by man-made disasters, such as the Holocaust, war, or political persecution, have a collective dimension. They affect families, villages and cities, damage family and social bonds and leave deep traces in the collective memory. Not all the people affected (including both victims and perpetrators) develop symptoms of trauma, but their psychological structure is shaped by their extreme experiences. Furthermore, they can have lasting effects on the descendants of the victims or the perpetrators who have no experiential connection to the traumatic events. Unresolved traumatic experiences can be transmitted from one generation to the next, as well as affect or disturb the life of the descendants. They can create problems with identity and cause generational conflicts. In particular, psychoanalytical investigation of second-generation Holocaust survivors showed different forms of transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences (cf., for example, Bergmann/Jucovy 1982). Psychotraumatology refers to this phenomenon as transgenerational traumatization. It is notable that the psychological definition provided by Gottfried Fischer and Peter Riedesser emphasizes the psychological consequences of silenced events: