Fungal evolution: diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi
Fungal evolution: diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12550
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发表时间：
2019-12-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Gabaldon, Toni
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Naranjo-Ortiz, Miguel A.;Gabaldon, Toni
真菌王国由异养真核生物的超多样化分支组成，其特征是存在几丁质细胞壁，丧失吞噬能力，以及从完全单细胞单极生物到可能形成宏观结构的高度复杂的合胞细丝的细胞组织。真菌以“第三王国”的形式出现，接受了传统的动植物二分法之外的有机体。这个类群的分类有一段动荡的历史，直到现在才开始随着基因组学和系统发育学的出现而得到解决。我们在这里回顾了真菌的系统发育和分类的现状，提供了一个主要定义的类群的概述。根据现有的知识，可以定义9个门级别的分支：后孢子门、合孢子菌门、新孢子菌门、芽枝菌门、动物门、毛霉门、球孢菌门、担子菌门和子囊菌门。对于每一类群，我们讨论了它们的主要特征和它们的多样性，重点讨论了主要真菌分支之间的进化关系。我们还探讨了几组不确定亲缘关系的多样性和系统发育，以及该领域主要的系统发育和分类学争议和假说。
The fungal kingdom comprises a hyperdiverse clade of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the presence of a chitinous cell wall, the loss of phagotrophic capabilities and cell organizations that range from completely unicellular monopolar organisms to highly complex syncitial filaments that may form macroscopic structures. Fungi emerged as a 'Third Kingdom', embracing organisms that were outside the classical dichotomy of animals versus vegetals. The taxonomy of this group has a turbulent history that is only now starting to be settled with the advent of genomics and phylogenomics. We here review the current status of the phylogeny and taxonomy of fungi, providing an overview of the main defined groups. Based on current knowledge, nine phylum-level clades can be defined: Opisthosporidia, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. For each group, we discuss their main traits and their diversity, focusing on the evolutionary relationships among the main fungal clades. We also explore the diversity and phylogeny of several groups of uncertain affinities and the main phylogenetic and taxonomical controversies and hypotheses in the field.