Gains or losses? A quantitative estimation of environmental and economic effects of an ecological compensation policy
Gains or losses? A quantitative estimation of environmental and economic effects of an ecological compensation policy
复制标题
收益还是损失？
DOI：
10.1002/eap.2341
复制
发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Dong Congcong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhang Qian;Hong Jiayu;Wu Feng;Yang Yu;Dong Congcong
生态补偿是探索社会经济繁荣与生态保护协调发展的创新有效工具，特别是对于跨越不同地区的分水岭。它将生态系统服务的外部性转化为对当地利益攸关方的实际财务激励。本文以中国密云水库流域实施的退耕还林还草工程为例，运用定量政策评价方法，对生态补偿政策的环境效益和经济效益进行了评价。这项研究基于2017年对河北省269户家庭进行的农业生产投入和产出问卷的回复，该项目在河北省已经实施了10多年。结果表明，该方案在2017年平均减少了24%的氮素使用量，整个案例区减少了总氮素排放负荷16.98吨，约占密云水库流域总氮素负荷减少量的18.6%。然而，该项目涉及的上游家庭的农业收入损失超过了现行补偿标准所允许的水平。为此，本文探讨了在确定生态补偿标准过程中应考虑的因素。特别是，本文提出了一种基于个人层面的环境影响的差额补偿方案，以避免对所有家庭支付标准赔偿金，而不考虑他们的不同贡献。这一差额补偿支付方案有助于公平对待环境贡献者，并通过公平分配有限的生态补偿资金实现环境效益的最大化。本研究为进一步完善中国现行的生态补偿政策提供了理论和实践参考。这项研究也为未来其他地区或国家估计生态补偿标准和制定生态补偿政策的实践提供了借鉴。
Ecological compensation is an innovative and effective tool to explore the coordinated development of socioeconomic prosperity and ecological protection, especially for a watershed crossing different regions. It converts the externalities of ecosystem services into practical financial incentives for local stakeholders. This empirical study applies a quantitative policy evaluation approach to evaluate the environmental and economic effects of an ecological compensation policy, using the paddy land–to–dry land (PLDL) program implemented in China’s Miyun Reservoir watershed as an example. The study is based on responses to a 2017 questionnaire regarding agricultural production inputs and outputs administered to 269 households in Hebei Province, where the PLDL program has been operational for over 10 yr. The results show that the program has reduced nitrogen usage by 24% on average in 2017 and decreased the total nitrogen emission load by 16.98 tons for the entire case area, which accounts for approximately 18.6% of the total nitrogen load reduction of the Miyun Reservoir basin. However, the upstream households involved in this program have experienced agricultural income losses higher than that allowed for by the current compensation criterion. Therefore, this paper discusses the factors that should be considered in the process of determining ecological compensation criteria. In particular, the paper proposes a differential compensation scheme based on the environmental effect at the individual level to avoid a standard payment for all households irrespective of their different contributions. This differential compensation payment scheme facilitates the fair treatment of environmental contributors and maximizes environmental benefits through an equitable allocation of limited ecological compensation funds. This study serves as a theoretical and practical reference for further improvement of the current ecological compensation policy in China. The study also sheds light on practices for estimating ecological compensation criteria and formulating ecological compensation policies for other regions or countries in the future.