EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DRINKING ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT: AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW
EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DRINKING ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT: AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW
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母亲饮酒对儿童发育的影响：介绍性综述
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb52870.x
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发表时间：
1976
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
H. Rosett
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Rosett
四年前，在第 197 届全国酗酒委员会会议上，“酗酒的先天与后天”会议上，乌勒兰德尔报告了对酗酒母亲所生的 12 名婴儿的观察结果。这 12 人中有 10 人的出生体重低于第 10 个百分位数，其中 8 个低于第 3 个百分位数。随后对这 12 名婴儿中的 10 名进行评估，其中 5 名出现发育迟缓，另外 3 名处于临界状态。继这份报告之后，Jones 等人于 1973 年发表了另外两份报告。 2.3 他们描述了 1 个由三个不同种族的酗酒妇女所生的无血缘关系的孩子，这些孩子表现出相似的生长发育迟缓以及颅面、四肢和心血管缺陷的模式。这种异常现象被称为胎儿酒精综合症。这些临床报告重新唤起了人们对非常古老的观察结果的兴趣。 1621 年，伯顿 4 在《忧郁的解剖学》中引用了亚里士多德的观察，即“愚蠢、醉酒和轻率的女人最常生下像她们一样的孩子，忧郁而懒散。” 1720年，英国取消了蒸馏限制，廉价的杜松子酒涌入该国。 1726 年，“杜松子酒流行”爆发后不久，医师学会向议会报告称，父母饮酒是“导致儿童虚弱、虚弱和脾气暴躁的原因”。莫里斯 (Morris) 于 1759 年将出生率下降和病弱婴儿增加归因于父母酗酒（见图一）。 Trotter6 在 1813 年写道：“假设两性的生殖器官都必须同样遭受频繁中毒的痛苦，这是否太粗俗了？如果后代不幸地来自这样的父母，我们是否可以怀疑它的肉体部分一定是患病和微不足道的，并且在其智力设施方面低于理性存在的标准？”莫雷尔于 1857 年发表了详尽的退化理论，指出父母酗酒会导致第一代后代堕落、酗酒和退化，并在其子女中产生越来越严重的症状，直到第四代出现不育，导致该谱系灭绝。后来，在 19 世纪，诸如《酗酒杂志》和《科学节制杂志》等期刊中，有许多关于父母饮酒导致癫痫、精神错乱、道德低下和酗酒的报道。沙利文*于 1899 年批判性地回顾了一系列观察结果，其中酗酒的父母与各种精神和行为问题存在因果关系。他强调说，“父母酗酒是最容易追踪的前因之一，在此类调查中，它往往在所指定的原因中占据不成比例的比例。为了避免这种谬论的根源，并更真实地估计父母酗酒在导致种群恶化的因素中的重要性，最好采取相反的立场，并以酗酒者后代的堕落而不是堕落者祖先的酗酒作为调查的终点。”沙利文研究了 120 名生育了 600 个孩子的女性醉酒者，并将 21 名生育了 125 个孩子的醉酒母亲的后代死亡率与其不喝酒的女性亲属的后代死亡率进行了比较。
Four years ago, a t the 197 1 National Council on Alcoholism Conference, “Nature and Nurture in Alcoholism,” Ullelandl reported observations on 12 infants born to alcoholic mothers. Ten of the 12 had birth weights below the 10th percentile, with eight of them below the third percentile. When 10 of these 12 infants were subsequently evaluated, five had retarded development, and three others were borderline. This report was followed by two others published in 1973 by Jones et a/. 2.3 They described 1 I unrelated children born to alcoholic women of three different ethnic groups who demonstrated similar patterns of retarded growth and development and craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects. This constellation of anomalies was termed the fetal alcohol syndrome. These clinical reports have revived interest in very old observations. In 1621, Burton,4 in the Anatomy of Melancholy cited Aristotle’s observation that “foolish and drunken and harebrained women most often bring forth children like unto themselves, morose and languid.” In 1720, England lifted restrictions on distillation, and cheap gin flooded the country. In 1726, soon after the onset of the “gin epidemic,” the College of Physicians reported to Parliament that parental drinking is “a cause of weak, feeble and distempered children.” Morris,s in 1759, attributed the drop in birthrate and the increase in sickly and inviable infants to parental alcoholism (see FIGURE I) . Trotter6 wrote in 1813, “Can it be too gross to suppose the organs of generation must equally suffer in both sexes from frequent intoxication, and if offspring should be unfortunately derived from such a parentage can we doubt that it must be diseased and puny in its corporeal part and beneath the standard of a rational being in its intellectual facilities?” Morel,’ in 1857, published an elaborate theory of degeneracy which stated that parental drunkenness produced depravity, alcoholic excess, and degeneration in the first generation of offspring and progressively more severe symptoms in their children, until the fourth generation developed sterility, which caused extinction of the line. Later, in the 19th century, journals, such as f i e Journol of Inebriety and The Scientific Temperance Journal, contained many reports of parental drinking that resulted in epilepsy, insanity, moral imbeciles, and alcoholics. Sullivan,* in 1899, critically reviewed a series of observations in which alcoholic parentage was causally related to a variety of mental and behavioral problems. He stressed that “parental drunkenness is one of the most easily traced antecedants, it tends to figure disproportionately among the causes assigned in such inquiries. To avoid this source of fallacy and to estimate more truly the importance of parental alcoholism among the factors which make for the deterioration of the stock, it is desirable to adopt an opposite standpoint and to take as the end of investigation not alcoholism in the ancestry of the degenerate but degeneracy in the descendants of the alcoholic.” Sullivan studied 120 female inebriates who bore 600 children and also compared mortality rates of the offspring of 21 drunken mothers who bore 125 children with mortality rates of the offspring of their nondrinking female relatives.