Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling
Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling
复制标题
DOI：
10.4271/2013-01-2687
复制
发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
Richards, Paul
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barker, Jim;Cook, Stephen;Richards, Paul
从原油中蒸馏出来的柴油中钠的含量不应超过痕量。然而，燃料规格不包括钠;用作生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯（FAME）中钠和钾的含量限制为百万分之五。钠化合物通常用作生产FAME的酯化过程的催化剂，氢氧化钠现在通常用于从原油生产超低硫柴油（ULSD）燃料的精炼过程。良好的内务管理应确保成品燃料中不存在钠。成品燃料不仅应不含钠，而且还应包含柴油燃料添加剂包，以确保燃料满足所引入的质量标准，从而提供可靠的操作，沿着燃料供应基础设施和最终燃烧该燃料的柴油发动机的寿命。最近，由于现代柴油发动机中的燃料喷射系统的结垢而报告的现场问题激增。这可能以燃油滤清器或喷油器本身内的沉积物的形式出现。最近的工作提出了一种机制，即受钠污染的燃料可以在钠化合物和燃料添加剂之间发生不利反应，导致形成阻碍柴油机燃料喷射器工作的物质。本文介绍了为加深对这种机制的理解而进行的新工作，并证明任何钠污染物的命运高度依赖于（i）燃料中存在的燃料添加剂（ii）系统中水的量，（iii）潜在的燃料/水混合的强度和（iv）反应中涉及的钠盐的特性。这会导致钠在水底部积聚，形成钠化合物，进而堵塞燃油过滤器或可能导致喷射器结垢。发现的数据可以解释在最近的文献中报道的关于钠引起的污垢的发动机试验数据的变化。
Diesel fuel distilled from crude oil should contain no greater than trace amounts of sodium. However, fuel specifications do not include sodium; there is a limit of five parts per million for the amount of sodium plus potassium in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. Sodium compounds are often used as the catalyst for the esterification process for producing FAME and sodium hydroxide is now commonly used in the refining process to produce ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) fuel from crude oil. Good housekeeping should ensure that sodium is not present in the finished fuel. A finished fuel should not only be free of sodium but should also contain a diesel fuel additive package to ensures the fuel meets the quality standards introduced to provide reliable operation, along with the longevity of the fuel supply infrastructure and the diesel engines that ultimately burn this fuel.There has recently been an upsurge in reported field problems due to fouling of the fuel injection system in modern diesel engines. This can take the form of deposits in the fuel filters or within the fuel injectors themselves. Recent work proposed a mechanism whereby sodium contaminated fuel can undergo adverse reactions between the sodium compounds and fuel additives leading to the formation of material that can impede the operation of diesel fuel injectors.This paper presents new work carried out to enhance the understanding of this mechanism and demonstrates that the fate of any sodium contaminant is highly dependent on (i) the fuel additives present in the fuel (ii) the amount of water in the system, (iii) potentially the intensity of fuel/water mixing and (iv) the identity of the sodium salt involved in the reaction. This can lead to sodium accumulating in the water bottoms, forming sodium compounds that go on to plug fuel filters or which may cause injector fouling. The data found may explain the variation in engine test data regarding sodium induced fouling reported in the recent literature.