Cow's Milk and Immune Function in the Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms.
Cow's Milk and Immune Function in the Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms.
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DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2018.00143
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
van Neerven RJJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perdijk O;van Splunter M;Savelkoul HFJ;Brugman S;van Neerven RJJ
在过去的几十年里，世界上已经目睹了过敏患病率的急剧增加。流行病学证据表明，在农场长大是一个保护因素，部分原因是食用生牛奶。事实上，最近的研究表明，在生命早期食用生牛奶与哮喘、花粉症和鼻炎之间存在负相关。最近也发现了生牛奶摄入量与呼吸道感染的类似关联。与这些发现一致，对婴儿进行的对照研究表明，乳铁蛋白、乳脂球膜和初乳IgG等牛奶成分可减少呼吸道感染。然而，由于伦理原因，不可能对婴儿进行生牛奶的对照研究，因此迄今为止缺乏正式的证据。由于儿童的病毒性呼吸道感染和吸入过敏原暴露可能与哮喘的发生有因果关系，因此研究牛奶成分是否可以调节呼吸道中的人体免疫功能以及通过何种机制调节免疫功能是很有意义的。吸入的过敏原和病毒在鼻和口腔淋巴组织的上呼吸道中触发局部免疫应答。生牛奶中的成分能够促进局部微环境，在该微环境中，粘膜免疫应答被改变，上皮屏障被加强。此外，在鼻腔中暴露于过敏原和病毒后，这些反应也可能在肠道中触发，这些过敏原和病毒在吞咽后在胃肠道中变得可用。然而，这些在肠道中与牛奶成分接触的免疫细胞必须再循环到血液中，并回到（上和下）呼吸道，以调节局部免疫反应。淋巴细胞上组织归巢相关标志物α4β7和CCR 9或CCR 10的表达可分别受到维生素A和维生素D3的影响。由于这两种维生素都存在于牛奶中，我们推测生牛奶可能会影响淋巴细胞向上呼吸道的归巢。本文综述了牛奶及其成分影响肠道和上呼吸道免疫功能的可能机制。解开这些复杂的机制可能有助于开发新的饮食方法来预防过敏和哮喘。
During the last decades, the world has witnessed a dramatic increase in allergy prevalence. Epidemiological evidence shows that growing up on a farm is a protective factor, which is partly explained by the consumption of raw cow’s milk. Indeed, recent studies show inverse associations between raw cow’s milk consumption in early life and asthma, hay fever, and rhinitis. A similar association of raw cow’s milk consumption with respiratory tract infections is recently found. In line with these findings, controlled studies in infants with milk components such as lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, and colostrum IgG have shown to reduce respiratory infections. However, for ethical reasons, it is not possible to conduct controlled studies with raw cow’s milk in infants, so formal proof is lacking to date. Because viral respiratory tract infections and aeroallergen exposure in children may be causally linked to the development of asthma, it is of interest to investigate whether cow’s milk components can modulate human immune function in the respiratory tract and via which mechanisms. Inhaled allergens and viruses trigger local immune responses in the upper airways in both nasal and oral lymphoid tissue. The components present in raw cow’s milk are able to promote a local microenvironment in which mucosal immune responses are modified and the epithelial barrier is enforced. In addition, such responses may also be triggered in the gut after exposure to allergens and viruses in the nasal cavity that become available in the GI tract after swallowing. However, these immune cells that come into contact with cow’s milk components in the gut must recirculate into the blood and home to the (upper and lower) respiratory tract to regulate immune responses locally. Expression of the tissue homing-associated markers α4β7 and CCR9 or CCR10 on lymphocytes can be influenced by vitamin A and vitamin D3, respectively. Since both vitamins are present in milk, we speculate that raw milk may influence homing of lymphocytes to the upper respiratory tract. This review focuses on potential mechanisms via which cow’s milk or its components can influence immune function in the intestine and the upper respiratory tract. Unraveling these complex mechanisms may contribute to the development of novel dietary approaches in allergy and asthma prevention.