ECHO: Empirical Characterization and Height Optimization of UAV-to-Underground Channels
ECHO: Empirical Characterization and Height Optimization of UAV-to-Underground Channels
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DOI：
10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10293818
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发表时间：
2023-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Syed Muhammad Hashir;M. Vuran;J. Camp
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文献类型：
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作者：
Syed Muhammad Hashir;M. Vuran;J. Camp
本文探讨了精准农业中两个新兴的物联网（IoT）组件之间的联系，这需要从空气和土壤中对大量农业领域进行监测，以实现高效资源利用的粮食生产。一方面，无人机因其无处不在和观测规模而引起了农业航空检查的兴趣。另一方面，包括埋地土壤传感器在内的农业物联网设备在提高作物生产中的自然资源效率方面引起了人们的兴趣。本文研究了无人机与地下（UG）节点（Air2UG链路）之间无线链路的路径损耗和衰落特性，设计了无人机高度优化方案。为Air2UG链路开发了一个路径损耗模型，包括信道中的衰落，其中衰落使用一个专家分布建模，并使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验进行验证。此外，Rician-K被发现依赖于无人机的高度，它是用高斯函数建模的，RMSE为0.4−1.3 dB。在此基础上，提出了一种新的高度优化方案，使误码率最小化。结果表明，尽可能低的高度并不总是使误码率最小化。优化海拔可将Air2UG链路误码降低8.6倍之多。同样，海拔优化也能最大限度地降低埋深增加对BER的影响。我们的结果和分析是该领域的第一个，可以用来优化无人机节点的高度和资源，以便有效地与嵌入土壤中的传感器通信。
This paper explores the nexus of two emerging Internet of Things (IoT) components in precision agriculture, which requires vast amounts of agriculture fields to be monitored from air and soil for food production with efficient resource utilization. On the one hand, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained interest in agricultural aerial inspection due to their ubiquity and observation scale. On the other hand, agricultural IoT devices, including buried soil sensors, have gained interest in improving natural resource efficiency in crop production. In this work, the path loss and fading characteristics in wireless links between a UAV and underground (UG) nodes (Air2UG link) are studied to design a UAV altitude optimization solution. A path loss model is developed for the Air2UG link, including fading in the channel, where fading is modeled using a Rician distribution and validated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Moreover, Rician-K is found to be dependent on the UAV altitude, which is modeled with a Gaussian function with an RMSE of 0.4 − 1.3 dB. Furthermore, a novel altitude optimization solution is presented to minimize the bit error rate (BER). Results show that the lowest possible altitude does not always minimize the BER. Optimizing the altitude reduces the Air2UG link BER by as much as 8.6-fold. Likewise, altitude optimization can minimize the impacts of increasing burial depth on the BER. Our results and analysis are the first in this field and can be exploited to optimize the altitude and resources of a UAV node to communicate with the sensors embedded in the soil efficiently.