Effects of skin tone on photoacoustic imaging and oximetry.
Effects of skin tone on photoacoustic imaging and oximetry.
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DOI：
10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11506
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发表时间：
2024-01
影响因子：
3.5
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中科院分区：
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光声成像（派）根据组织中光吸收剂的浓度提供对比度，从而能够评估功能性生理参数，如血氧饱和度（）。最近的证据表明，表皮中黑色素水平的变化导致光学技术的测量偏差，这可能会限制这些生物标志物在不同人群中的应用。研究皮肤黑色素沉着对派和血氧测定的影响。我们使用计算皮肤模型、两层含黑色素的组织模拟模型和具有不同色素的一致遗传背景的小鼠来评估肤色在派中的作用。计算皮肤模型进行了验证，通过模拟漫反射光谱使用的加法加倍的方法，使我们能够分配我们的模拟参数近似菲茨帕特里克皮肤类型。运行蒙特卡罗模拟和声学模拟以获得我们的皮肤模型的理想化光声图像。使用商业仪器获得模型和小鼠的光声图像。用线性光谱分解处理重建图像以估计血氧。线性解混结果进行了比较，一个学习的解混方法的基础上梯度提升回归。我们的计算皮肤模型与体内皮肤反射率测量的代表性文献一致。我们在所有模型系统中观察到一致的光谱着色效应，随着黑色素浓度的增加，观察到的图像伪影被高估。学习的解混方法减少了测量偏差，但在较低的血液中进行的预测仍然受到肤色依赖性影响。派在较高的菲茨帕特里克皮肤类型中表现出测量偏倚，包括高估血液。未来的研究应旨在描述这种对人类的影响，以确保该技术的公平应用。
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provides contrast based on the concentration of optical absorbers in tissue, enabling the assessment of functional physiological parameters such as blood oxygen saturation (). Recent evidence suggests that variation in melanin levels in the epidermis leads to measurement biases in optical technologies, which could potentially limit the application of these biomarkers in diverse populations. To examine the effects of skin melanin pigmentation on PAI and oximetry. We evaluated the effects of skin tone in PAI using a computational skin model, two-layer melanin-containing tissue-mimicking phantoms, and mice of a consistent genetic background with varying pigmentations. The computational skin model was validated by simulating the diffuse reflectance spectrum using the adding-doubling method, allowing us to assign our simulation parameters to approximate Fitzpatrick skin types. Monte Carlo simulations and acoustic simulations were run to obtain idealized photoacoustic images of our skin model. Photoacoustic images of the phantoms and mice were acquired using a commercial instrument. Reconstructed images were processed with linear spectral unmixing to estimate blood oxygenation. Linear unmixing results were compared with a learned unmixing approach based on gradient-boosted regression. Our computational skin model was consistent with representative literature for in vivo skin reflectance measurements. We observed consistent spectral coloring effects across all model systems, with an overestimation of and more image artifacts observed with increasing melanin concentration. The learned unmixing approach reduced the measurement bias, but predictions made at lower blood still suffered from a skin tone-dependent effect. PAI demonstrates measurement bias, including an overestimation of blood , in higher Fitzpatrick skin types. Future research should aim to characterize this effect in humans to ensure equitable application of the technology.