Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
复制标题
锂离子和未来电池技术可持续循环经济路线图
DOI：
10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
9
通讯作者：
Harper G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harper G
该路线图介绍了市场动态及其对锂离子电池 (LIB) 未来循环经济的影响，并将安全性作为整个生命周期中不可或缺的考虑因素。在报废 (EOL) 时，有一系列潜在的选择——再制造、再利用和回收。诊断在评估电池的健康状况和状况方面发挥着重要作用，并对诊断技术的改进进行了评估。目前，手动拆卸在 EOL 处理中占主导地位，但是，考虑到未来电池的数量，预计 EOL 电池组的自动化拆卸方法将是关键。去除细胞后回收的第一阶段是初始细胞破碎或打开步骤。对此的方法进行了回顾，将粉碎和细胞拆卸作为两种替代方法进行了对比。回收设计是一种可以帮助更轻松地拆卸电池的方法，并且对可以实现锂离子电池循环经济的电池设计新方法进行了审查。拆卸后，在进一步浓缩成分之前，进行黑色物质的后续分离。回收材料的替代方法有很多；该路线图列出了一系列方法的未来方向，包括火法冶金、湿法冶金、短环、直接和锂离子电池材料的生物回收。此外，还考虑了阳极、锂、电解质、粘合剂和塑料的回收，以最大限度地提高回收材料的比例，最大限度地减少浪费，并为零废物回收指明道路。考虑到锂离子电池回收的整体系统，讨论了循环经济的生命周期影响，并直接研究了不同的回收方法。还考虑了法律和监管角度。最后，着眼于未来，对下一代电池化学和回收方法进行评估，找出研究差距。本评论采用一系列简短评论的形式，每个部分均由该主题的不同国际专家独立撰写。总的来说，这些评论全面描绘了锂离子电池回收的最新技术水平，以及这些技术未来的发展前景。
The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. This review takes the form of a series of short reviews, with each section written independently by a diverse international authorship of experts on the topic. Collectively, these reviews form a comprehensive picture of the current state of the art in LIB recycling, and how these technologies are expected to develop in the future.