Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers
Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers
复制标题
DOI：
10.1890/06-2128.1
复制
发表时间：
2008-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Inouye, David W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Inouye, David W.
生活史特征的时间是终身健身的核心，这是没有更明显的或更好的研究，因为在植物繁殖成功的开花物候学。最近由于气候变化引起的环境事件的时间变化，例如高海拔地区融雪的日期，这开始了生长季节，对一些常见的多年生草本野花物种产生了重要影响。在落基山生物实验室（科罗拉多，美国）开花的物候期的强烈影响的融雪日期，这使得这个网站的理想研究物候对气候变化的反应。飞燕草、飞蓬和五脉向日葵的花蕾对霜冻很敏感，近年来生长季节开始较早，使它们更频繁地遭受6月中旬的霜冻。从1992年到1998年，平均36.1%的向日葵花蕾被霜冻，但1999年至2006年的平均值为73.9%;自1998年以来，只有一年的植物逃脱了所有霜冻的伤害。对于所有这三种多年生植物，融雪日期和当年夏天开花的丰富程度之间存在显着的关系。较大的积雪导致较晚的融雪，较晚的生长季节开始，和较低的霜冻死亡率的芽。在霜冻事件中，雪积累，融雪模式和冷空气排水的微生境差异可能是显着的;两个地块之间只有12米的海拔差异导致了2006年几乎2摄氏度的温差和37%的差异霜冻损害芽。花朵和种子的损失可以减少这些植物种群的补充，并影响传粉者，食草动物和以前依赖它们的种子捕食者。在这种环境中的其他植物物种也同样容易受到霜冻的影响，因此对补充和依赖花朵和种子的消费者的负面影响可能是广泛的。这些发现指出了在全球变暖面前霜冻损害增加的悖论，为物候学的适应意义提供了重要的见解，并对整个地区和任何气候变化具有类似影响的开花植物具有普遍意义。
The timing of life history traits is central to lifetime fitness and nowhere is this more evident or well studied as in the phenology of flowering in governing plant reproductive success. Recent changes in the timing of environmental events attributable to climate change, such as the date of snowmelt at high altitudes, which initiates the growing season, have had important repercussions for some common perennial herbaceous wildflower species. The phenology of flowering at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Colorado, USA) is strongly influenced by date of snowmelt, which makes this site ideal for examining phenological responses to climate change. Flower buds of Delphinium barbeyi, Erigeron speciosus, and Helianthella quinquenervis are sensitive to frost, and the earlier beginning of the growing season in recent years has exposed them to more frequent mid-June frost kills. From 1992 to 1998, on average 36.1% of Helianthella buds were frosted, but for 1999-2006 the mean is 73.9%; in only one year since 1998 have plants escaped all frost damage. For all three of these perennial species, there is a significant relationship between the date of snowmelt and the abundance of flowering that summer. Greater snowpack results in later snowmelt, later beginning of the growing season, and less frost mortality of buds. Microhabitat differences in snow accumulation, snowmelt patterns, and cold air drainage during frost events can be significant; an elevation difference of only 12 m between two plots resulted in a temperature difference of almost 2 degrees C in 2006 and a difference of 37% in frost damage to buds. The loss of flowers and therefore seeds can reduce recruitment in these plant populations, and affect pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators that previously relied on them. Other plant species in this environment are similarly susceptible to frost damage so the negative effects for recruitment and for consumers dependent on flowers and seeds could be widespread. These findings point out the paradox of increased frost damage in the face of global warming, provide important insights into the adaptive significance of phenology, and have general implications for flowering plants throughout the region and anywhere climate change is having similar impacts.