Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications.
Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04462
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发表时间：
2021-11
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Yuanshu Zhou;Linhao Sun;Shinji Watanabe;T. Ando
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yuanshu Zhou;Linhao Sun;Shinji Watanabe;T. Ando
由石英或硼硅酸盐组成的玻璃吸管具有长长的针状形状和孔口。此外，它们还有许多惊人的优点，包括易于制造和低成本，可定制的孔径和可修改的表面性能。正是上述独特的几何特征和优势，使其在分析化学、1 - 5材料科学、6 - 8和分子/细胞生物学等领域得到了广泛的应用。对玻璃移液管的研究最初起源于一些关于其制造和几何特征的基础工作。研究人员的努力使其制备过程简化。值得注意的是，它可以将孔隙大小从微米级调整到纳米级。特别是，最近的进展允许高度控制孔径和实现低于10纳米的纳米吸管。10,11同时，纳米吸管的几何特征，如孔径和锥角，经历了扫描电子显微镜（SEM） 12,13和电阻测量14的粗略估计，直接允许通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）进行精确表征。此外，进一步优化了TEM条件，实现了亚10nm纳米吸管的无损表征。11移液器在生理学上最早的应用是20世纪70年代用于检测膜电位的斑块聚集技术。因为这项重要的技术，它在1991年获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。之后，随着移液管制造、表征和功能化基础研究的进展，它们在分析化学中得到了许多应用，包括电化学和生物传感17 - 20，以及扫描离子电导显微镜（SICM）、扫描电化学显微镜（SECM）、22、23和扫描电化学细胞显微镜（SECCM）的探针。在最近的两年中，玻璃移液管的应用已经扩展到材料科学领域，用于制造有前途的功能材料的三维（3D）微/纳米结构，如金属-有机框架（MOF），以了解其质量传递动力学和纳米颗粒形成过程中尺寸的定量分析。在不久的将来，这种新方法将不断扩大其在其他材料合成和质量输运分析方面的应用。此外，作为SICM探针的纳米吸管可以非接触地可视化复杂生物样品（如神经和3D细胞）的地形，26,27，定量分析细菌和活细胞的离子环境，28,29，并以高空间分辨率探索与癌症诊断相关的细胞的力学特性30,31。此外，纳米吸管还在SECM和SECCM中表现出显著的应用，用于分析许多催化反应，例如无机和生物样品的氢/氧析出反应32,33。此外，利用功能化纳米吸管与纳米电极传感器能够深入了解细胞水平的氧化还原过程。34Mirkin et al. 35总结了2017年玻璃纳米管和碳纳米管在电流电阻脉冲和整流传感方面的应用。Shao等人在2018年回顾了一般纳米吸管的制造及其在化学分析中的应用。因此，在本文中，我们重点介绍了亚10nm纳米吸管在高分辨率成像和传感领域的潜在应用，以及在制备、表征和填充方面的最新突破。然后，我们讨论了移液管在纳米技术和纳米科学中的惊人应用，包括……
Glass pipets composed of quartz or borosilicate possess a long needle-like shape and pore orifice. Also, they have many amazing advantages, including ease of fabrication and low cost, tailorable pore size, and modifiable surface properties. It is the above unique geometrical features and advantages that allow for their numerous applications in the fields of analytical chemistry, 1− 5 material science, 6− 8 and molecular/cell biology. 9 The studies of the glass pipet initially originate from some fundamental works referring to its fabrication and geometrical characterization. Much effort from researchers makes its preparation procedures simplified. Significantly, it enables tailoring the pore size from the microscale down to the nanoscale level. Especially, recent advances allow to a high degree control over the pore size and the achievement of a sub-10 nm nanopipette. 10, 11 Simultaneously, the geometrical characterization of the nanopipette such as pore size and cone angle experiences from a rough estimation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 12, 13 and electrical-resistance measurement 14 to directly allow precise characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 15 Moreover, a further optimization of TEM conditions realized the nondestructive characterization for a sub-10 nm nanopipette. 11 The earliest application of a pipet in physiology referred to the patch clumping technique to detect the membrane potential in the 1970s. Because of this important technique, it won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1991. 16 After that, with the advances in the fundamental research of pipet fabrication, characterization, and functionalization, they have found many applications in analytical chemistry referring to electrochemical and biosensing 17− 20 and as probes for scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), 21 scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), 22, 23 and scannig electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). 24 In the latest two years, the applications of the glass pipet have expanded to material science in the fabrication of a threedimensional (3D) micro/nanostructure of promising functional materials such as the metal− organic framework (MOF) to understand its dynamics of mass transport and quantitative analysis of nanoparticle size during its formation. 25 This novel method would continuously expand its use for synthesis of other materials and analysis of mass transport in near future. Also, a nanopipette as a probe of SICM allows to noncontact visualize the topography of complex biological samples such as neuros and 3D cells, 26, 27 to quantitatively analyze the ionic environment of bacteria and living cells, 28, 29 and to explore mechanical properties 30, 31 of cells related to cancer diagnosis with high spatial resolution. Moreover, a nanopipette also exhibits remarkable applications in SECM and SECCM for analysis of numerous catalytic reactions, for example, hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction, 32, 33 of inorganic and biological samples. Furthermore, utilizing the functionalized nanopipette with a nanoelectrode sensor is capable of insight into the redox process in the cell level. 34Mirkin et al. 35 summarized the applications for current resistive-pulse and rectification sensing with glass and carbon nanopipettes in 2017. Shao et al. 36 reviewed the general nanopipette fabrication and its use for chemical analysis in 2018. Therefore, in this Review, we focus on the latest breakthrough in the fabrication, characterization, and filling of sub-10 nm nanopipettes since its potential use in high resolution imaging and sensing. Then, we discuss the amazing applications of a pipet in nanotechnology and nanoscience covering …