A Typology of Planning Problems.
A Typology of Planning Problems.
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规划问题的类型学。
DOI：
10.1080/00221546.1984.11780639
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发表时间：
1984
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
George D. Kuh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
John P. Bean;George D. Kuh
学院和大学受到外部环境变化的深刻影响，包括公众支持水平的迅速变化、入学人数的波动、联邦法规的不切实际的修订以及资助研究优先级的急剧变化。在高等教育机构内部，决策过程被描述为“有组织的无政府状态”，其特点是目标和偏好不明确，采取不可预测的集体行动的浮动联盟，以及无法可靠地实现预期目标的理解不足的技术。负责机构重新设计的人面临的问题数量惊人。在本文中，我们开发了在规划期间可能遇到的问题的描述性类型学。该类型确定了程序规划者和实体规划者面临的潜在困难领域，前者关注解决问题的过程，后者的计划导致新的绩效计划bbb。类型学采用矩阵的形式，其中四个规划阶段以列表示，五个机构结构以行表示。矩阵单元表示需要计划者选择的活动类别，这些选择如果不合适，可能会导致问题[13]。由于几个原因，这种类型应该是有用的。首先，类型学有助于将许多看似不相干的问题和关注点减少到相对较少的类别中。其次，类型学鼓励更丰富的描述和更精确的区别
Colleges and universities are profoundly affected by the vicissitudes of the external environment, including rapidly shifting levels of public support, enrollment fluctuations, quixotic revisions in federal regulations, and precipitous changes in sponsored research priorities. Inside institutions of higher education, decisionmaking processes have been described as "organized anarchy" [8] and have been characterized by ill-defined goals and preferences, floating coalitions taking unpredictable collective action, and a poorly understood technology that cannot reliably achieve desired ends. The number of problems facing those responsible for institutional redesign is staggering. In this article, we develop a descriptive typology of the problems that may be encountered during planning. The typology identifies areas of potential difficulty that face both procedural planners, concerned with the processes through which problem solving will be addressed, and substantive planners, whose plans result in a new performance program [36]. The typology takes the form of a matrix in which four planning phases are represented as columns and five institutional constructs appear as rows. The matrix cells represent categories of activity that require choices by planners, choices that, if inappropriate, will likely result in problems [13]. This typology should be useful for several reasons. First, the typology helps to reduce many seemingly disparate issues and concerns into a relatively small number of categories. Second, a typology encourages richer descriptions and more exact distinctions between the different