Physical activity for cognitive health promotion: An overview of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms
Physical activity for cognitive health promotion: An overview of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms
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DOI：
10.1016/j.arr.2023.101868
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发表时间：
2023-02-02
影响因子：
13.1
通讯作者：
Nakagawa, Shin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen, Chong;Nakagawa, Shin
体力活动是认知能力下降和痴呆的可改变因素之一，有最有力的证据。尽管许多有影响力的评论已经说明了体育活动的认知益处的神经生物学机制，但没有一篇文章将神经生物学机制与正常的运动生理学联系起来，以帮助读者对这一现象获得更高级、更全面的理解。在这篇综述中，我们解决了这个问题，并提供了一个综合的文献，重点关注五个最研究的神经生物学机制。我们的研究表明，身体对提高运动表现的适应性也有益于大脑，有助于提高认知能力。具体来说，这些适应包括：1)释放对神经元的发育和生长以及神经发生和血管生成至关重要的生长因子；2)产生乳酸，为大脑提供能量，并参与谷氨酸的合成和长期增强的维持；3)释放抗炎细胞因子，减少神经炎症；减少氧化应激的线粒体生物发生和抗氧化酶活性的增加，以及调节神经发生和调节认知的多巴胺和5-羟色胺等神经递质的释放。我们还讨论了与体育活动处方相关的几个问题，包括基于体育活动对上述五种神经生物学机制的影响，何种强度和模式的体育活动能带来最大的认知益处。我们希望这篇综述能帮助读者对体育活动认知益处的神经生物学机制有一个全面的了解，并指导他们设计新的研究，进一步推进这一领域。
Physical activity is one of the modifiable factors of cognitive decline and dementia with the strongest evidence. Although many influential reviews have illustrated the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity, none of them have linked the neurobiological mechanisms to normal exercise physiology to help the readers gain a more advanced, comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In this review, we address this issue and provide a synthesis of the literature by focusing on five most studied neurobiological mechanisms. We show that the body's adaptations to enhance exercise performance also benefit the brain and contribute to improved cognition. Specifically, these adaptations include, 1), the release of growth factors that are essential for the development and growth of neurons and for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, 2), the pro-duction of lactate that provides energy to the brain and is involved in the synthesis of glutamate and the maintenance of long-term potentiation, 3), the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that reduce neuro-inflammation, 4), the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme activity that reduce oxidative stress, and 5), the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and 5-HT that regulate neurogenesis and modulate cognition. We also discussed several issues relevant for prescribing physical activity, including what intensity and mode of physical activity brings the most cognitive benefits, based on their influence on the above five neurobiological mechanisms. We hope this review helps readers gain a general understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity and guide them in designing new studies to further advance the field.