Of Black and Glass Boxes: Scaffolding for Doing and Learning
Of Black and Glass Boxes: Scaffolding for Doing and Learning
复制标题
黑盒子和玻璃盒子：做事和学习的脚手架
DOI：
10.1145/2501988.2501992
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Guzdial
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Hmelo‐Silver;M. Guzdial
建构主义的教育方法提倡将学习置于现实世界的问题中，但这些问题是复杂的。提供脚手架允许学习者处理问题的复杂性，并成功地解决这些问题并从中学习。在本文中，我们描述了一个理论的学习做，并提出了几种方法，“做”可以支持不忘记学习。我们使用黑盒子和玻璃盒子脚手架的隐喻来建议如何使用脚手架来支持学习和表现。黑盒脚手架是一种有助于学生表现的脚手架。黑盒脚手架代替学生执行该绩效目标来执行任务，通常是因为学习执行该目标被确定为对活动的学习目标不重要。玻璃箱脚手架是一种有助于表现和学习的脚手架。对于学生来说，理解玻璃箱脚手架提供的是什么是很重要的，因为我们希望学生能够承担玻璃箱脚手架提供的功能。最后，我们说明了如何在两个教育软件程序中使用玻璃盒和黑盒脚手架。
Constructivist approaches to education advocate situating learning in real-world problems-- but these problems are complex. Providing scaffolding allows learners to deal with a problem's complexity and successfully solve and learn from these kinds of problems. In this paper, we describe a theory of learning-by-doing and suggest several ways that the "doing" can be supported without forgetting the learning. We use the metaphors of black-box and glass-box scaffolding to suggest how scaffolding might be used to support learning and performance. Black-box scaffolding is scaffolding that facilitates student performance. Black-box scaffolding performs a task in place of the student performing that performance goal, usually because learning to perform that goal is determined to be unimportant for the learning goals of the activity. Glass-box scaffolding is scaffolding that facilitates performance and learning. It is important for the student to understand what glass-box scaffolding is providing because we want the student to be able to take on the functions that the glass-box scaffolding is providing. Finally, we illustrate how glass-box and black-box scaffolding have been used in two educational software programs.