Foreigners in the Ancient near East
Foreigners in the Ancient near East
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古代近东的外国人
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Gary D. Beckman
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作者：
Gary D. Beckman
对公元前3000年至公元前1000年主要楔形文字文化中外国人的接待、态度和活动的不同方面的调查虽然外来者可以在新环境中发挥重要作用，但他们通常很快就被融入东道国社会，而不会对东道国社会产生重大影响。直到这一时期接近尾声时，才有大批入侵者，如波斯人和希腊-马其顿人，确信自己的文化优越，彻底改变了美索不达米亚、叙利亚和安纳托利亚的古老文明。外国人的概念就其本质而言是一个相对的概念，不仅在位置上-取决于哪个社区是另一个人或多个人的这种特征的来源，而且在范围上-群体的广度，超出其真实的或想象的基因、逻辑和/或空间界限，个人将被视为局外人。例如，在公元前3000年。苏美尔，其城邦共享一个共同的语言和宗教体系，乌玛城的居民仍然认为即使是邻近的Lagash的男人也是外国人，如果不是像扎格罗斯山脉的人那样陌生的话。相比之下，青铜时代晚期安纳托利亚中部的大多数居民，尽管属于不同的民族群体，说着几种--有时是不相关的--语言，但都是“哈提人”（LU.MES URU Ratti），也就是我们今天所说的“赫梯人”。[2]我将在这里讨论外国人在古代西亚文明中的作用，重点是我最熟悉的楔形文字文化--第三个千年的苏美尔和阿卡德，第二个和第一个千年的巴比伦和亚述，以及第二个千年的赫梯。
A survey of diverse aspects of the reception, attitudes toward, and activities of foreigners in the major cuneiform cultures of the third through first millennia B.c.e. While outsiders could play important roles in their new environments, they were generally soon assimilated into their host societies without effecting significant changes in them. Only toward the close of this period did the arrival of large groups of invaders convinced of the superiority of their own cultures, such as Persians and Greco-Macedonians, radically alter the age-old civilizations of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia. The concept of foreigner is by its very nature a relative one, not only positionally— depending upon which community is the source of this characterization of another person or persons, but also in terms of scope—the breadth of the group beyond whose real or imagined genea logical and/or spatial boundaries an individual is to be considered an outsider. For example, in third-millennium B.c.e. Sumer, whose city-states shared a common language and religious system, the inhabitants of the city of Umma nonetheless held even the men of neighboring Lagash to be foreigners, 1 if not so alien as the people of the Zagros mountains to the east. In contrast, most of the residents of central Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, although belonging to diverse ethnic groups and speaking several—sometimes unrelated—tongues, were “men of Hatti” (LU.MES URU Ḫatti), the people we today call “Hittites.” 2 I will discuss here the role of foreigners in the civilizations of ancient Western Asia, concentrating on the cuneiform cultures with which I am most familiar—Sumer and Akkad of the third millennium, Babylonia and Assyria of the second and first millennia, and the Hittites of the second millennium.