Identifying a Pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California

Identifying a Pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California
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确定加利福尼亚州的前哥伦布时代人类世

DOI:
10.1080/24694452.2020.1846488
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
3.9
通讯作者:
Mensing, Scott
Mensing, Scott
中科院分区:
法学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Klimaszewski-Patterson, Anna;Morgan, Christopher T.;Mensing, Scott

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人类世的开始,一个被提议的地质时代,表示人类引起的地球系统的变化,以及什么指标标志着它的开始目前正在辩论中。提出的起始点范围从原子时代开始到工业革命,再到全新世早期的农业。大多数争论集中在现代工业导向的技术和经济发展的影响上。前工业化和前农业人口对地球系统的影响很少被评估。由于人类世概念的效用是指人类活动对地球系统的可测量的影响,我们认为,专注于一个确切的日期或单一的事件忽略了时间越界,人为生态系统工程的空间变化过程。相反,我们认为一个灵活的,人类学和生态学知情的概念化的人类世,认识到空间,时间和标量的变化,人类对地球系统的影响。我们目前的证据支持一个生态信息前哥伦布人类世在加州使用沉积学,孢粉学和考古数据集的荟萃分析从加州山区。我们认为,使用火的前哥伦布时期的人口资源管理是足够频繁和广泛的足以导致大规模的人为修改加州的生物群和人类世,因此开始在加州至少650年前,欧洲人到来之前的几个世纪。在加州认识到前哥伦布人类世建设性地概念化了人类经济生态集约化过程的标志,这可能对政策,资源管理和研究更有意义,而不是专注于任何单一的历史事件。
The beginning of the Anthropocene, a proposed geological epoch denoting human-caused changes to Earth’s systems, and what metrics signify its onset is currently under debate. Proposed initiation points range from the beginning of the Atomic Age to the Industrial Revolution to the adoption of agriculture in the early Holocene. Most of the debate centers on the effects of modern industrially oriented technological and economic development. The effects of preindustrial and preagricultural populations on Earth’s systems are less commonly evaluated. Because the utility of the Anthropocene concept is to denote measurable impacts of human activity on Earth’s systems, we argue that focusing on an exact date or single event ignores time-transgressive, spatially variable processes of anthropogenic ecosystem engineering. We argue instead for a flexible, anthropologically and ecologically informed conceptualization of the Anthropocene—one that recognizes spatial, temporal, and scalar variability in the effects of humans on Earth systems. We present evidence in support of an ecologically informed pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California using a meta-analysis of sedimentological, palynological, and archaeological data sets from California mountains. We argue that use of fire for resource management by pre-Columbian populations was sufficiently frequent and extensive enough to result in widescale anthropogenic modification of California’s biota and that an Anthropocene therefore began in California by at least 650 years ago, centuries before the arrival of Europeans. Recognizing a pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California constructively conceptualizes a marker for human economic–ecological intensification processes that could be more meaningful for policy, resource management, and research than focusing on any single historical event.
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