Levels of Urine Cotinine from Hookah Smoking and Exposure to Hookah Tobacco Secondhand Smoke in Hookah Lounges and Homes.
Levels of Urine Cotinine from Hookah Smoking and Exposure to Hookah Tobacco Secondhand Smoke in Hookah Lounges and Homes.
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DOI：
10.5812/ijhrba.67601
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发表时间：
2018-03-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Hovell, Melbourne F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kassem, Nada O F;Kassem, Noura O;Hovell, Melbourne F
背景：尼古丁是一种成瘾性药物，存在于所有形式的烟草制品中，包括在美国尚未受到管制的水烟。目的：本研究旨在调查水烟吸烟者和暴露于二手烟（SHS）的非吸烟者在自然环境下的室内水烟社交活动中对尼古丁的吸收。患者和方法：我们量化了105名水烟吸烟者和103名非吸烟者尿液中的可替宁（尼古丁的代谢物）。参与者在参加在水烟休息室或私人住宅举行的只抽水烟的室内社交活动的当天早上和之后的第二天早上提供了尿样。结果：在社交活动中，只吸水烟的吸烟者尿中可替宁水平显著增加8.5倍（几何平均（GM）： 16.0 ng/mg至136.1 ng/mg），而只暴露于水烟SHS的非吸烟者尿中可替宁水平显著增加2.5倍（GM: 0.4 ng/mg至1.0 ng/mg）。在水烟吸烟者中，水烟事件后尿可替宁水平增加最多的是偶尔的水烟吸烟者，其中转基因水平在吸烟后显著增加31.2倍（从2.0纳克/毫克增加到62.3纳克/毫克）。据报道，在私人家中参加水烟社交活动的水烟吸烟者更喜欢在家里抽水烟的原因包括娱乐目的，与朋友和家人社交，“个人”时间和在家放松，在家里抽水烟更舒服，拥有水烟和水烟烟草，在抽水烟时吃喝，在家吸烟而不去水烟休息室省钱。结论：水烟烟雾是大量尼古丁暴露的一个来源。我们的研究结果呼吁通过要求准确的水烟烟草标签，提高水烟烟草税，减少水烟休息室的传播，并鼓励自愿禁止在私人住宅中吸烟水烟来保护吸烟者和非吸烟者的健康。
BACKGROUND: Nicotine, an addictive drug, is present in all forms of tobacco products, including hookah tobacco, which is not yet regulated in the United States.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the uptake of nicotine in hookah smokers and non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) at indoor hookah social events in natural settings where hookah tobacco was smoked exclusively.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We quantified cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, in the urine of 105 hookah smokers and 103 non-smokers. Participants provided spot urine samples the morning of and the morning after attending an indoor hookah-only smoking social event at a hookah lounge or in a private home.RESULTS: Following a social event where exclusively hookah tobacco was smoked, urinary cotinine levels increased significantly 8.5 times (geometric mean (GM): 16.0 ng/mg to 136.1 ng/mg) among hookah smokers, and 2.5 times (GM: 0.4 ng/mg to 1.0 ng/mg) among non-smokers exposed exclusively to hookah tobacco SHS. Among hookah smokers, the highest increase in urinary cotinine levels post a hookah event was found in occasional hookah smokers in which GM levels increased significantly 31.2 times post smoking (from 2.0 ng/mg to 62.3 ng/mg). Reported reasons for preference to smoke hookah at home by hookah smokers who attended a hookah social event in a private home included recreational purposes, socializing with friends and family, 'Me' time and relaxing at home, more comfortable to smoke hookah at home, owning a hookah and hookah tobacco, eating and drinking while smoking hookah, and saving money by smoking at home and not going to hookah lounges.CONCLUSIONS: Hookah tobacco smoke is a source of substantial nicotine exposure. Our results call for protecting hookah smokers' and non-smokers' health by requiring accurate hookah tobacco labels, raising taxes on hookah tobacco, reducing the spread of hookah lounges, and encouraging voluntary bans on smoking hookah tobacco in private homes.