The placenta
The placenta
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DOI：
10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0009
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发表时间：
2020-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Jauniaux;A. Bhide;G. Burton
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Jauniaux;A. Bhide;G. Burton
胎盘发育和功能异常被广泛认为对妊娠结果有直接影响，最近被认为会影响后代的终身健康。胎盘的发育始于着床，此时胚泡的胚极与母体子宫上皮接触。胎盘为胎儿提供所有必需的营养素、水和氧气，以及清除胎儿排泄物的途径，但它也产生大量蛋白质和类固醇激素以及维持妊娠所必需的因子。妊娠胎盘相关疾病影响约三分之一的人类妊娠，主要包括流产，先兆子痫和胎儿生长受限。与围产期并发症相关的胎盘和脐带结构异常现在可以在妊娠早期用超声诊断，产前检测前置胎盘和胎盘植入等异常对妊娠结局有直接影响。
Abnormal placental development and function are widely recognized as having immediate consequences on the outcome of a pregnancy, and more recently to influence the lifelong health of the offspring. The development of the placenta starts from implantation, when the embryonic pole of the blastocyst enters into contact with the maternal uterine epithelium. The placenta provides the fetus with all essential nutrients, water, and oxygen, and a route for clearance of fetal excretory products, but it also produces a vast array of protein and steroid hormones and factors necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy. Placental-related disorders of pregnancy affect around a third of human pregnancies, primarily including miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Placental and umbilical cord structural anomalies that are associated with perinatal complications can now be diagnosed from early in pregnancy with ultrasonography and the antenatal detection of anomalies such as placenta praevia and placenta accreta has a direct impact on the outcome of pregnancy.