Altruism through beard chromodynamics
Altruism through beard chromodynamics
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DOI：
10.1038/nature04387
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发表时间：
2006-03-30
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
van Baalen, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jansen, VAA;van Baalen, M
利他主义是一种以牺牲自己的健康为代价来造福他人的行为，它的进化构成了一个达尔文悖论。如果许多相互作用都是与相关的个体进行的，那么利他主义的好处就会被其他个体中的利他主义基因的拷贝所收获（1），这种机制称为亲属选择（2）。然而，对利他主义者的认可可以为利他主义的进化提供另一条途径（1，3 -5）。可以说，最简单的识别系统是一个显眼的、可遗传的标签，比如绿色胡子（1，3）。尽管已经报道了这样的基因（6-8），但“绿色胡须效应”（3）经常被忽视，因为单个基因不太可能编码利他主义和可识别的标签（1，3，9）。在这里，我们对绿色胡须效应进行建模，发现如果认可和利他主义总是一起遗传，那么动态是非常不稳定的，导致利他主义的丧失。相反，如果这种效应是由松散耦合的独立基因引起的，那么利他主义就通过胡须色动力学得到促进，其中许多胡须颜色共同出现。这使得利他主义即使在结构较弱的群体中也能持续存在，并意味着以利他主义特征与识别标签的流体关联形式出现的绿色胡须效应可能比迄今为止假设的要普遍得多。
The evolution of altruism, a behaviour that benefits others at one's own fitness expense, poses a darwinian paradox. The paradox is resolved if many interactions are with related individuals so that the benefits of altruism are reaped by copies of the altruistic gene in other individuals(1), a mechanism called kin selection(2). However, recognition of altruists could provide an alternative route towards the evolution of altruism(1,3-5). Arguably the simplest recognition system is a conspicuous, heritable tag, such as a green beard(1,3). Despite the fact that such genes have been reported(6-8), the 'green beard effect'(3) has often been dismissed because it is unlikely that a single gene can code for altruism and a recognizable tag(1,3,9). Here we model the green beard effect and find that if recognition and altruism are always inherited together, the dynamics are highly unstable, leading to the loss of altruism. In contrast, if the effect is caused by loosely coupled separate genes, altruism is facilitated through beard chromodynamics in which many beard colours co-occur. This allows altruism to persist even in weakly structured populations and implies that the green beard effect, in the form of a fluid association of altruistic traits with a recognition tag, can be much more prevalent than hitherto assumed.