Are church and state substitutes? Evidence from the 1996 welfare reform
Are church and state substitutes? Evidence from the 1996 welfare reform
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教会和国家是替代品吗？
DOI：
10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.12.009
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Daniel M. Hungerman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Daniel M. Hungerman
教会提供的社区服务与政府提供的服务类似，但对于教会活动在多大程度上可以替代政府活动，目前还没有令人信服的分析。为了解决这个重要问题，本文使用长老会（美国）会众的新面板数据集来对教会成员的捐款和教会的社区支出对许多变量（包括政府福利支出）进行回归。 1996 年福利法的一项规定减少了非公民获得和使用福利服务的机会，可作为确定政府支出对教会活动的因果影响的工具。结果表明教会活动替代了政府活动。将调查结果外推到所有面额，估计“挤出”效应在 1 美元兑换 20 至 38 美分之间。结果经过多项稳健性测试。
Churches provide community services similar to those provided by the government, but there has been no convincing analysis of the extent to which church activity can substitute for government activity. To address this important issue, this paper uses a new panel data set of Presbyterian Church (USA) congregations to regress both church-member donations and a church's community spending on a number of variables, including government welfare expenditures. A provision of the 1996 welfare law that decreased the availability and use of welfare services by non-citizens serves as an instrument to identify the causal effect of government spending on church activity. The results show that church activities substitute for government activities. Extrapolating the findings to all denominations, the estimated “crowd-out” effect lies between 20 and 38 cents on the dollar. The results are subjected to a number of robustness tests.