Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica Rice
Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica Rice
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.2c08767
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发表时间：
2023-03-14
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Yamashita，Nobuyoshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yamazaki，Eriko;Eun，Heesoo;Yamashita，Nobuyoshi
全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）具有优异的化学稳定性，但具有令人关注的不利环境影响。此外，PFAS在水稻品种中的生物积累尚未得到证实。水稻是亚洲的主要粮食作物。因此，我们在同一Andosol（火山灰土）稻田种植籼稻（Kasalath）和粳稻（Koshihikari），并分析了32种PFAS残留的空气、雨水、灌溉水、土壤和水稻植株，从种植到人类消费的整个过程。水稻栽培期间，栽培环境中大气颗粒物（PM）以全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）为主，全氟磺酸（PFSAs）含量极少。此外，全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）在农田中以PM bb10的速度迁移，有利于PFCAs在农田环境中空气颗粒的泄漏和积累。此外，降水是灌溉水污染的来源，高碳含量的耕地土壤可以捕获pfsa和PFCAs（超过C10）。不同水稻品种间PFAS残留趋势无显著差异，但在生长土壤、空气和雨水中的分布存在差异。两个品种的食用白米部分主要受灌溉水分的影响。对全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟辛酸和全氟壬酸每日接触评估的蒙特卡罗模拟显示，食用籼稻的印度人和食用粳稻的日本人的结果相似。结果表明，超痕量PFAS残留浓度及其日暴露量无品种特异性。
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have excellent chemical stability but have adverse environmental impacts of concern. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of PFAS in rice varieties─which is the essential staple food crop in Asia─has not been verified. Therefore, we cultivated Indica (Kasalath) and Japonica rice (Koshihikari) in the same Andosol (volcanic ash soil) paddy field and analyzed the air, rainwater, irrigated water, soil, and rice plants for 32 PFAS residues, throughout the cultivation to human consumption. During the rice cultivation period, the cultivation environment in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), with minimal perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Furthermore, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) migrates at a PM > 10 to drop in a cultivation field and was conducive to leakage and accumulation of PFCAs in air particles in the field environment. Moreover, precipitation was a sources of irrigation water contamination, and cultivated soil with a high carbon content could capture PFSAs and PFCAs (over C10). There were no major differences in residual PFAS trends in the rice varieties, but the distribution of PFAS in the growing soil, air, and rainwater differed. The edible white rice part was mainly affected by irrigation water in both varieties. Monte Carlo simulations of daily exposure assessments of PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanic acid showed similar results for Indians consuming Indica rice and Japanese consuming Japonica rice. The results indicate that the ultratrace PFAS residue concentrations and their daily exposure were not cultivar-specific.