A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment
A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment
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DOI：
10.1007/s11356-016-6333-x
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发表时间：
2016-05-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Yang, Liuqing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wu, Xiangyang;Cobbina, Samuel J.;Yang, Liuqing
研究的理由是审查与铅（Pb），汞（Hg），镉（Cd），砷（As），单独和混合物，在环境中的毒性和相应的机制的文献。重金属无处不在，通常存在于环境中，使其能够在食物链中产生生物放大作用。生命系统最常与环境中的重金属鸡尾酒相互作用。重金属暴露于生物系统中可导致氧化应激，从而引起DNA损伤、蛋白质修饰、脂质过氧化等。在这篇综述中，与单个金属毒性相关的主要机制是活性氧（ROS）的产生。此外，毒性通过谷胱甘肽消耗和与蛋白质巯基结合来表达。有趣的是，像铅这样的金属通过消耗抗氧化剂而对生物体有毒，而镉通过其取代铁和铜的能力间接产生ROS。通过暴露于砷产生的活性氧与许多模式的行动，和重金属混合物被发现有不同的生物体的影响。许多基于浓度加和（CA）和独立作用（IA）的模型已被引入，以帮助预测与金属混合物的毒性和机制。进一步提出了一个结合CA和IA的综合模型，用于评价非交互性混合物的毒性。在存在分子相互作用的情况下，使用毒理基因组学方法预测毒性。高通量毒理基因组学结合了遗传学、基因组规模表达、细胞和组织表达、代谢产物谱和生物信息学的研究。
The rational for the study was to review the literature on the toxicity and corresponding mechanisms associated with lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), individually and as mixtures, in the environment. Heavy metals are ubiquitous and generally persist in the environment, enabling them to biomagnify in the food chain. Living systems most often interact with a cocktail of heavy metals in the environment. Heavy metal exposure to biological systems may lead to oxidation stress which may induce DNA damage, protein modification, lipid peroxidation, and others. In this review, the major mechanism associated with toxicities of individual metals was the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, toxicities were expressed through depletion of glutathione and bonding to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Interestingly, a metal like Pb becomes toxic to organisms through the depletion of antioxidants while Cd indirectly generates ROS by its ability to replace iron and copper. ROS generated through exposure to arsenic were associated with many modes of action, and heavy metal mixtures were found to have varied effects on organisms. Many models based on concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) have been introduced to help predict toxicities and mechanisms associated with metal mixtures. An integrated model which combines CA and IA was further proposed for evaluating toxicities of non-interactive mixtures. In cases where there are molecular interactions, the toxicogenomic approach was used to predict toxicities. The high-throughput toxicogenomics combines studies in genetics, genome-scale expression, cell and tissue expression, metabolite profiling, and bioinformatics.